Direito e Ciência Política / Law and Political Science
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- Agostinho Neto: the MPLA's alchemist, between a rock and a hard placePublication . Vidal, NunoIn contrast with a long track record of historical-political analysis that has resisted accepting interpretations based on the ability of post-colonial political systems in Africa to follow their own historical “homegrown” experience, and according to its elites’ agency to pursue its own goals, this paper takes the Angolan case to expose how the administration of the first president, Agostinho Neto, was able to structure on its own terms, assimilating and accommodating domestic and external constraints. It is here analysed how Agostinho Neto’s administration ended up adhering to socialism and to a left-wing rhetoric, while breeding a right-wing praxis in terms of political economy, political management and foreign policy. As we will see, such an achievement is even more astonishing if we consider the extremely constraining domestic and international context.
- AngolaPublication . Vidal, NunoThis chapter provides an analysis of the Angolan electoral processes since the transition to a multiparty democracy in the 1990s. The focus is primarily on the electoral management body, in consideration within the whole evolving and dynamic political context and its interaction with other electoral organs, structures and actors. The chapter is structured in three major parts, each one dedicated to one of the three elections that occurred since the transition. The first section deals with the first multiparty elections of 1992, the major electoral organs, the legislation endorsing them and their performance within the context of a troubled transition that was halted by the resumption of civil war right after elections. The extra ten years of civil war and its outcome in 2002, within a different international and domestic context, determined the new electoral structuring that set the stage for the following electoral process in 2008. Such a new context and setting majorly contributed to a qualified majority victory of the party in power. These issues are analysed in the second section. The third and final section is dedicated to the period evolving from the 2008 elections to the third electoral process of an Angolan multiparty system in 2012. Here attention is focused on the new constitution of 2010, which favoured an age-old concentration of powers in the presidency; the ensuing electoral engineering; and the renewed qualified majority in 2012.
- Angola: the weight of historyPublication . Vidal, Nuno; Chabal, PatrickThis volume stems from the conviction that an analysis of contemporary Angola is best achieved by a multi-authored and multidisciplinary enterprise. Indeed, so intricate is the trajectory of that former Portuguese colony that there is yet to appear a comprehensive account of its history. Nor is there today a wholly convincing study of its post-colonial evolution. Competing explanations offer diverging views about the nature of the regime and the consequences of the civil war. Of course, there is no denying that Angola’s case is complex, touching as it does on an unusually wide range of issues – from its ethnic and racial complexion to its oil-based economy. Nevertheless, it is now time to attempt a more systematic examination of this important country – if for no other reason than because it is likely to become an increasingly important player in the region.
- Angolan civil society activism since the 1990s : reformists, confrontationists and young revolutionaries of the ‘Arab spring generation’Publication . Vidal, NunoAiming for regime transformation, post-transition Angolan civil society activism moved from reformism and confrontationism to ultra-confrontationism. Reformism and confrontationism evolved until the 2008 elections, influenced by development thinking (neoliberalism/institutionalism vs neo-Marxism/world-system thinking), in two opposing strategies: ‘constructive engagement’ vs political defiance. The dispute ended with ultra-confrontationism gaining impetus with the Arab spring, with a younger generation resorting to new methods (information and communications technology and demonstrations). Despite the lack of funding or international links, the newer methods caused more concern to the regime. Nevertheless, they suffer from the same shortfalls as their predecessors: they are confined to an urban/suburban social segment, and unable to attract the majority of the population
- Angolan civil society organisations: political reformists vs political confrontationistsPublication . Vidal, NunoThere are currently in Angola two main opposing strategies/perspectives assumed by CSOs towards the government: the reformist a constructive engagement approach believing that the government can be progressively reformed from within, accepting a flexible agenda towards donors, and a technical, pragmatic and not too politically assertive agenda on democratisation and poverty alleviation; the confrontationist. rejecting constructive engagement as a form of cooption by the government and a way of perpetuating neo-patrimonialism, standing for independent agendas towards donors, based on the strict defence of political and economic human rights and transparency in public resources management. Both claim to be better serving the interests of the communities and more effective on democratisation and poverty alleviation, mutually accusing of indirect/unintentional contribution to the maintenance of authoritarianism and neo-patrimonialism. This paper intends to assess: 1) the contextual factors conditioning the adoption and implementation of CSOs strategies (reformist and confrontationist); 2) the impact of each strategy on communities, in favour of democratisation and poverty alleviation, or unintentionally supportive of authoritarianism and neo-patrimonialism. In conclusion, the paper argues that although hardly assumed, then 2008 electoral process and electoral results represented a cruel reality that stroke both sides of the civil society divide: their long and passionate quarrels and disputes on reformism and confrontationism made all sense to them and to their international partners but hardly any to the majority of the Angolan society. ‘Their’ civil society is mainly urban, donor influenced, strongly extraverted, the product of a segment of an elite, coming out of the disaffection socio-political ranks of the MPLA (Vidal 2007), that quickly assimilated and interiorized development thinking perspectives, strategies and disputes but lacks a symbiosis with the majority of people consciousness and daily logics, therefore with a very limited capacity for significant change on the regime or society as a whole.
- Angolan state security/intelligence services, and their support of the MPLA and presidential hegemonyPublication . Vidal, NunoDespite the so-called transition in Angola from a single-party Socialist regime to a multiparty liberal democracy in the 1990s, alongside several formal organizational, legal, and institutional changes, this article argues that the Angolan security/intelligence services have been able to maintain their primary purpose since their creation in 1975 up to the present day – to support and protect the hegemony of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) party, its elites and, above all, its President. The article outlines the evolution of the Angolan security/intelligence services in terms of their long-term continuity, exposing how changes in Angola’s political system in response to domestic and international challenges were circumvented by the security services without altering their main foundational objective, or making them more accountable to democratic civilian control.
- "Democracias Iliberais" em África ou evolução do patrimonialismo pós-moderno?: os casos de Angola e MoçambiquePublication . Vidal, NunoOs sistemas políticos africanos subsarianos do pós-independência nunca foram réplicas deficientes dos principais e dominantes modelos políticos internacionais. Mesmo em casos extremos de condicionamento internacional, como aqueles aqui analisados –Angola e Moçambique–, sujeitos à influência de modelos socialistas durante a Guerra Fria (e só depois “liberais”), a sua matriz neopatrimonial do pós-independência provou a sua capacidade de se estruturarem nos seus próprios termos, nas diferentes épocas históricas, de se reinventarem e acomodarem às influências externas através de crescente agência interna. A sua atualmente ativa interação com as novas tendências internacionais de iliberalismo é somente o mais recente exemplo de um longo percurso de utilização seletiva de tendências internacionais em favor das lógicas internas dominantes de governação, que se têm sedimentado e progredido no sentido de um patrimonialismo pós-moderno, conforme aqui sustentado.
- Economia política e desenvolvimento em AngolaPublication . Vidal, Nuno; Andrade, Justino Pinto deEste livro centra-se na análise da natureza e dinâmica da economia política Angolana e do seu impacto ao nível do desenvolvimento. São abordadas questões como a relação entre crescimento e desenvolvimento, equilíbrio económico entre regiões e sectores de actividade, e sobretudo questões de política económica, que podem facilitar ou obstar ao desenvolvimento harmonioso da economia e da sociedade, com reflexos na estabilidade sócio-política de longo prazo. O tão propalado crescimento económico de dois dígitos em vários anos ao longo da última década não se traduziu em efectivo desenvolvimento equilibrado, sectorial, regional, e sobretudo humano, sendo que a pobreza continua a constituir um sério problema. Existem várias falhas a colmatar em termos de políticas económicas, mas sobretudo em termos de economia política e da lógica dominante que lhe tem estado subjacente, de raiz patrimonial moderna, impeditiva de que o crescimento seja equilibrado e se traduza em efectivo desenvolvimento.
- Erradicação da pobreza e desenvolvimento equilibrado em Angola e na África AustralPublication . Vidal, Nuno; Andrade, Justino Pinto deEste livro apresenta uma súmula das principais ideias e resultados do projecto de pesquisa desenvolvido por Nuno Vidal e Justino Pinto de Andrade no seu projecto de pesquisa-acção no período de 2010 a 2014, reflectindo os vários debates e trabalhos desenvolvidos dentro e fora de Angola em torno da temática principal das diversas orientações teórico-metodológicas e análise das políticas públicas seguidas em Angola e na África Austral no que à erradicação da pobreza e ao desenvolvimento dizem respeito.