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- Cidadania adiada: a persistência do abandono escolar de crianças e jovens ciganos/as e a(in)eficácia das políticas educativasPublication . Magano, OlgaA escolaridade tem aumentado em Portugal, mas a população cigana mantém-se distante das taxas gerais. De acordo com os Censos 2021 (INE), 60,2% entre os 25 e os 65 anos tinham completado o ensino secundário, a taxa de analfabetismo era de 3,08% e a taxa de abandono precoce 8,1%. Na população cigana, mais de 70% da população inquirida tinha o 1º ciclo do ensino básico ou menos, em que 27,1% não sabiam ler nem escrever (Mendes, Magano e Candeias, 2014). Segundo o INE (2024), 91,9% da população cigana tem até ao 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico. A Direção-Geral de Estatísticas da Educação e Ciência (DGEEC) tem vindo a traçar o Perfil Escolar da Comunidade Cigana. Os dados permitem visualizar a dimensão das crianças e jovens ciganos matriculados nos vários níveis do ensino e verificar que à medida que aumenta o nível, diminui o número de inscritos (DGEEC, 2018, 2020, 2022). É permitido igualmente constatar as retenções e de abandono. No caso das retenções, são sempre superiores a 20% nos vários níveis de ensino, e a taxa de abandono do ensino básico é de 12,6% e no ensino secundário 20% (DGEEC, 2022). Apesar das várias políticas públicas educativas persiste o hiato entre a escolaridade atingida pela população cigana e pela população geral. Nesta comunicação serão analisados os motivos de sucesso e insucesso contando com perspetivas dos vários intervenientes nos processos educativos (famílias, estudantes ciganos e professores). Serão igualmente avaliados impactos das medidas educativas na escolaridade das pessoas ciganas, dado que conhecer a eficácia das políticas e intervir junto dos constrangimentos é fulcral para uma cidadania plena e conter o abandono escolar precoce. A reprodução social e desqualificação limitam o ingresso no mercado de trabalho, remetendo estes jovens e famílias para ciclos de pobreza e de exclusão social (FRA, 2022).
- Circular economy in the agri-food sector: an environmental and social analysis from portuguese companiesPublication . Scandurra, Federica; Salomone, Roberta; Caeiro, Sandra; Moura, Ana Pinto deThe agri-food sector is gaining interest in the circular economy, but environmental, economic and social factors limit its adoption at the company level. To explore the adoption of the circular economy from an environmental, economic and social perspective, an empirical analysis based on 9 semi-systematic online interviews was conducted from March to June 2023 on a selected sample of Portuguese companies already implementing circularity in the agri-food sector. The results showed that: circularity is linked to environmental and economic factors but is also limited by cultural and financial barriers; the assessment is not a primary concern in the sector, which explains the lack of knowledge on available methodologies; social value is generated to support the community and develop networks. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the reality of the sector’s operators to understand how to support companies and create tools adapted to their needs to ensure the effective adoption of circularity.
- Circular economy practices in the agri-food sector: an exploratory survey regarding Portuguese companiesPublication . Scandurra, Federica; Salomone, Roberta; Caeiro, Sandra; Moura, Ana Pinto deThe circular economy is a paradigm able to reconnect the food system to the ecosystem, generating closed loops of inputs and resources. The agri-food sector has followed an intensive production and consumption model but now urges a change in roots to ensure sufficient resources for present and future generations. However, the application and evaluation of CE in companies in the agri-food sector remain underexplored, but it is still a crucial step in pushing the sector's transition. Moreover, circularity is a huge opportunity for companies to increase their efficiency and competitiveness while respecting ecosystem boundaries. In this sense, Portugal represents an interesting context for exploring the potential of circularity, given the centrality of the agri-food sector in the country's economy and the interest shown in the topic, evidenced by several projects and initiatives launched to promote circularity in the sector. For this reason, this study aims to explore how circularity has been adopted and evaluated in the Portuguese agri-food sector. To this end, an online survey of a sample of Portuguese agri-food companies already involved in circularity was conducted from January to March 2023. Considering a final sample of 31 companies, results indicate that: i) company size and the respondent's department have an impact on the level of detail of responses; ii) practices are largely associated with incrementally innovative (77 %), technological (50 %) or socio-organizational (37.5 %); iii) most evaluating companies adopt specific indicators (56 %), while a significant proportion does not evaluate circularity but already adopt evaluation tools related to CE. The study aims to identify circular best practices for the industry to guide practitioners toward adopting circularity and offer insights for future academic contributions. This article aims to restore the sustainability of the food system and prevent food loss and waste along the food chain, in line with Sustainable Development Goals 2.4 and 12.3.
- Could be intercultural mediation the solution to ciganos/roma integration? The Portuguese case and the example of Porto cityPublication . Magano, OlgaFrom the perspective of Giménez Romero (1997), intercultural mediation is a form of intervention by third parties in and around social situations of significant multiculturalism, aimed at achieving recognition of the recognition of the other and bringing the parties closer together, between ethnoculturally different social or institutional actors. However, the need for mediation is generally only emphasised in contexts of vulnerability and social exclusion (Guerra, 2008). Sometimes it is a question of attempts to ‘normalise’ the ‘outsiders’, those who differ from the ‘established’ (Elias and Scotson, 2000 [1965]), from a cultural point of view, since some citizens are viewed with strangeness or even as ‘foreigners’ (Simmel, 1997), spatially and socially settled and segregated from the urban fabric and the city (Wacquant, 2014). Fifty years on from 25 April 1974, the persistence of gypsophobia (Bastos, 2012) and anti-gypsyism (FRA, 2022; Magano and D' Oliveira, 2023) in Portugal is notorious, and the right to non-discrimination and social integration, in the sense of citizenship, has yet to be fulfilled. There have been several attempts to incorporate Ciganos/ Roma mediation professionals, but they have come up against the difficulty of formally recognising the profession. More recently, the creation of teams of Municipal and Intercultural Mediators, within the framework of the Strategic Plan for Migration, the National Strategy for the Integration of Roma Communities 2013-2020 and the Operational Programme for Social Inclusion and Employment (Portugal 2020) in 2018 sought to respond to the need for intercultural intervention with the Ciganos/Roma and immigrant population. The aim of this presentation is to reflect on the role of Ciganos/ Roma mediators, in general in Portugal and in particular in the city of Porto, with regard to the action taken to mediate with Ciganos/ Roma people and families during the period of implementation and execution of the project in the municipality of Porto (March 2019 - April 2022). In this specific case, the results of a survey applied to Ciganos/ Roma people and interviews applied to technicians and mediators will be used to find out what impact the project had on public organisations and Ciganos/Roma and non-Ciganos/Roma residents. The results point to a huge range of activities, roles and expectations attributed to the mediators and the constraints they face in achieving objectives that are sometimes unattainable or beyond the reach of these interveners, who have no power of decision or mobilisation of human and financial resources.
- Crenças na vida após a morte: estigma e marginalização no contexto do espiritismo no FunchalPublication . Cladeira, Mariana Rita; Magano, OlgaEnquadramento: A procura da explicação da vida após a morte sempre povoou o imaginário da mente humana. Quando nos questionamos sobre quem somos, de onde viemos, para onde vamos, sentimos alguma inquietação. A literatura sociológica destaca como a construção social cria padrões tidos como "normais", enquanto desvia aqueles considerados "estigmatizados". Goffman ([1963] 2004) discute como o normal e o estigmatizado são perspetivas geradas em situações sociais. A crença na reencarnação e na comunicação com espíritos, princípios centrais do Espiritismo, é vista como "desviante" em relação às normas religiosas e sociais dominantes, colocando os seus praticantes numa posição de estigma e discriminação. Objetivo: Compreender, do ponto de vista das ciências sociais, o impacto da crença na vida depois da morte na vida quotidiana dos frequentadores de um Centro Espírita no Funchal. Metodologia: O estudo explorou as motivações que levaram os espíritas a frequentarem o Centro Cultural e Espírita do Funchal, bem como as implicações das suas experiências mediúnicas. Para efeito, efetuamos um estudo qualitativo, apoiado na observação participante e em entrevistas semiestruturadas, com o total de 18 intervenientes. Recorreu-se, ainda, à análise de conteúdo, utilizando a ferramenta MAXQDA. Resultados: Constata-se que as vivências mediúnicas fortalecem a crença na vida após a morte e têm um impacto significativo nas vidas pessoais, sociais e profissionais dos participantes, especialmente quando vividas coletivamente no centro espírita e através da partilha de experiências. O Espiritismo, ao enfatizar a reencarnação e a comunicação com os mortos, contrasta com a doutrina católica tradicional, levando ao distanciamento social dos espíritas em relação à sociedade predominante. Desta forma, origina sentimentos de estigmatização social e estereótipos. Conclusão: Este estudo evidenciou como o preconceito e a marginalização são frequentemente associados a grupos minoritários e suas crenças, especialmente quando desafiam as normas dominantes. A discriminação enfrentada pelos espíritas pode ser comparada a outras formas de exclusão, como o antisemitismo e a islamofobia, destacando a importância de entender e integrar diversidades culturais e religiosas. Assim, este trabalho contribui significativamente para o campo das ciências sociais ao explorar uma área pouco estudada e sugerir intervenções para promover o reconhecimento e a inclusão das diversidades culturais e religiosas.
- Expressões artísticas ciganas: uma abordagem exploratória na senda de tornar visível a cultura ciganaPublication . Magano, Olga; Guerra, PaulaOs portugueses Ciganos têm sido vítimas de perseguições, ao longo de séculos, mas preservaram a sua cultura, manifestando resistência cultural e afirmação identitária. As pessoas Ciganas fazem parte da sociedade portuguesa, contudo, a cultura Cigana continua a ser pouco conhecida e valorizada. O mais frequente é a associação dos Ciganos a estereótipos e imagens negativas homogeneizantes e a rotulação de parasitismo social. Os estudos portugueses têm focado mais as condições de vida precárias e a pobreza e exclusão social (precariedade habitacional, altas taxas de analfabetismo e abandono escolar, inacessibilidade ao mercado de trabalho e as questões de racismo e discriminação), a segregação e marginalização. As questões culturais e as expressões artísticas ciganas são ainda pouco estudadas. As festas são os principais momentos para a celebração da família e manifestação da tradição da cultura (casamentos, pedimentos, aniversários, batizados, etc.). A visibilidade aumentou com a divulgação de vídeos nas redes sociais de festas, de música e cantares e também de momentos religiosos (“cultos”), em que é possível observar essas manifestações artísticas, assumidas e interpretadas por várias gerações das famílias. Torna-se assim relevante desvendar e analisar a cultura e as práticas artísticas das pessoas Ciganas. O objetivo da comunicação é apresentar uma abordagem exploratória sobre expressões artísticas, através de análise de gravações disponíveis nas redes sociais e outras fontes, articulada com a significância da herança cultural das famílias, equacionando, igualmente, a persistência do etnocentrismo cultural da sociedade portuguesa, com a não valorização das artes ciganas.
- Expressões artísticas ciganas: uma abordagem exploratória no sentido de tornar visível a cultura cigana portuguesaPublication . Magano, OlgaOs ciganos portugueses são vítimas de perseguições há séculos, no entanto, conseguiram preservar até à atualidade a sua cultura, mostrando resistência cultural e afirmando a sua identidade. Embora sendo parte integrante da sociedade portuguesa, a cultura cigana é ainda pouco conhecida e valorizada, em termos genéricos. Assiste-se a uma forte associação a estereótipos, a imagens negativas homogeneizadoras e rotulação de parasitas sociais, sempre vistos como “gente de fora”. Os vários estudos portugueses sobre pessoas Ciganas em Portugal têm-se centrado mais nas condições de vida e na pobreza e exclusão (especialmente habitação precária, elevadas taxas de analfabetismo e abandono escolar, inacessibilidade ao mercado de trabalho e questões de racismo e discriminação) e na segregação e marginalização. As questões culturais e as expressões artísticas das pessoas Ciganas são ainda pouco estudadas, embora sejam uma forte característica cultural diferenciadora. As festas familiares são as principais ocasiões de celebração da família e de manifestação das tradições culturais (por exemplo, casamentos, “pedimentos”, aniversários, batizados, etc.). A visibilidade pública da cultura cigana aumentou exponencialmente devido à presença nas redes sociais, com a divulgação de vídeos de festas, músicas, danças e canções, bem como de momentos religiosos (“cultos”), em que é possível observar uma riqueza de manifestações artísticas, assumidas e interpretadas por várias gerações nas famílias. É, por isso, importante descobrir e analisar a cultura e as práticas artísticas dos ciganos que persistem apesar da repressão, sobretudo daqueles que resistiram a 40 anos de ditadura e a uma forte repressão policial, neste meio século após a implementação do sistema democrático em Portugal. O objetivo desta comunicação é apresentar uma abordagem exploratória sistemática sobre as expressões artísticas ciganas portuguesas, música, teatro, dança, entre outras, comparando com algumas referências europeias. Será realizada análise de conteúdo de vídeos de artistas musicais, de gravações familiares em diferentes momentos festivos, de textos e letras de canções disponíveis em redes sociais e outras fontes, tendo em conta a importância assumida pela socialização, memórias das famílias e herança cultural, ao mesmo tempo que se questiona a persistência do etnocentrismo e racismo cultural impregnado na sociedade portuguesa e a incapacidade de reconhecimento da cultura e valorização das expressões artísticas ciganas com parte da cultura portuguesa.
- Growth of a far-right party in Portugal and Roma people as targets of hate and racismPublication . Magano, Olga; D' Oliveira, TâniaIn 2019, the far-right party Chega was created in Portugal. Since its creation, it has grown steadily in terms of voters, particularly by winning over municipalities that were traditionally considered the bastions of communism, where the Portuguese Communist Party gathered the most votes (Madeira et al., 2021). In the last legislative elections, on 10 March 2024, this party managed to elect 50 deputies, making it the third largest political force in Portugal. It is a populist party of the new radical right, nationalist and conservative, whose main aim is to combat the entry of immigrants into Portugal and the fight against Portuguese Gypsies. Although before the existence of this party the Gypsies were the main victims of hate speech and racism in Portugal (Silva, 2022), there has recently been a huge upsurge with the affirmation of the extreme right. They are also confronted with prejudices, stereotyped, essentialist and homogenizing representations (Costa, 1995), even when they are integrated and work and do not depend on Social Security assistance to survive (Magano, 2010; Magano & Mendes, 2021). Antigypsyism is a phenomenon on the rise and there is no penalization for hate speech. Like what happens in other European countries we are witnessing new forms of racism's expression, alongside the traditional ones, (Kyuchukov, 2012), through hate speech on social media (Tremlett et al, 2017), embodied in forms of Antigypsyism and Romaphobia (FRA, 2018; Stewart, 2012). Most of the discourse on social media points to the Portuguese Roma being blamed for their situation, namely the lack of education and income from work, and they are also accused of damaging the social environment (Magano & D’Oliveira, 2023). The main aim of this presentation is to question the factors behind the growth of hatred towards Gypsies, especially in the geographical areas where more Gypsies live, especially as this is the 50th anniversary of the implementation of the democratic system that ended the dictatorial system in Portugal. The aim is also to analyze different expressions of anti- Gypsyism in Portuguese society, especially those caused by the environment in which far-right ideas are disseminated in Portuguese society (press, television channels, proposed government programmes and social networks).
- Hate speech, racism and xenophobia against roma peoplePublication . Magano, Olga; Gypsy Lore SocietyThe presence of Roma people in different countries on different continents reveals the persistence of racist expressions and practices against Roma people (FRA, 2022). There have been many examples throughout history, mainly exacerbated by successive measures of repression, assimilation, expulsion from territories and attempts at extermination. This is the extreme case with the condemnation to banishment and galleys (Portugal and Spain) (Costa, 1995), social invisibility and non-effective citizenship during dictatorial states (Portugal, Spain and Italy, for example), but also in the case of Eastern European countries with submission to slavery, later to the proletariat (Romania) and the horror of medical experiments and the Nazi holocaust which victimised not only thousands of Jews, but also Roma people (Margalit, 2002). As we go through the literature on the history of the Roma, even though most of it is written by non-Roma (Fraser, 1997), the panorama takes us back to the systematic confrontation of attempts at expulsion, elimination, discrimination, social and spatial segregation, racism and xenophobia. Hatred of Roma people continues to be a current problem that exists in every country where Roma live. In other words, even though we are in the 21st century and democratic states prohibit forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination, in practical terms it still happens in everyday life. This phenomenon has been fuelled by the growth of racist movements and far-right parties in recent years. Racist practices are ingrained in societies and it is difficult to deconstruct stereotypes and negative representations of Roma people, who are usually the victims of generalisations and essentialist perspectives (Stewart, 2012). In addition, more recently, hate speech in comments on news stories in the media and on social networks has become extremely serious, threatening the human and citizenship rights of Roma people (Tremlett et al. 2017; Magano & D’ Oliveira, 2023). This panel hopes to bring together contributions from researchers from different countries and contexts on hate speech, racism and xenophobia, as well as exclusionary practices and the exclusion of Roma people from the spheres of citizenship, but also in terms of (non-) access to housing, access to employment and vocational training, education and health, and discuss perspectives for tackling this social and sociological problem. References: Costa, E. M. (1995) Os ciganos em Portugal: breve história de uma exclusão [Gypsies in Portugal: a brief history of exclusion]. In L. Cortesão, Pinto, F. (org.) (Ed.). O povo cigano: cidadãos na sombra - Processos explícitos e ocultos de exclusão [The Roma: citizens in the shadows - Explicit and hidden processes of exclusion]. Porto: Ed. Afrontamento, pp. 21-26. FRA (2022) Roma in 10 European countries. Viena: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2022-roma-survey-2021-main- results_en.pdf Fraser, A. (1997) História do Povo Cigano [The Gypsies (The Peoples of Europe)]. Lisboa: Editorial Teorema. Magano, O., & D’Oliveira, T. (2023). Antigypsyism in Portugal: Expressions of Hate and Racism in Social Networks. Social Sciences 12 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090511 Margalit, G. (2002). Gernany and Its Gypsies: A Post-Auschwitz Ordeal (Vol. XVIII). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Stewart, M. (Ed.) (2012) The Gypsy “menace”. Populism and the new anti-Gypsy politics. London: Hurst & Company. Tremlett, A., Messing, V. & Kóczé, A. (2017) Romaphobia and the media: mechanisms of power and the politics of representations. In Identities 24 (6): 641-649.
- The implementation of a democratic system and citizenship of ciganos/roma people in Portugal: the paradigmatic case of Zebreira, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco DistrictPublication . Magano, Olga; Lopes, Fernanda; Gypsy Lore SocietyThe Ciganos/ Roma have been in Portugal for more than five centuries (since the first official registration), but there is still a huge lack of historical and social knowledge about their living conditions from their arrival to the present day. Knowledge is scarce and fragmented, both before and during the fascist state or ‘Estado Novo’ (Salazarism), when it was in force in Portugal (1933-1974). This was a period of dictatorship in which the relationship between the state and the Ciganos/ Roma was unknown. Only some information is known about the enormous repression experienced, persecution and expulsions, which contributed to the construction of an imaginary that reflects a past of constant flight (Mangas, 2021; Mendes, 2012). Thus, the state's strategy towards the Ciganos/ Roma has been characterised for centuries by segregation and merciless persecution (Bastos et al., 2007, Bastos, 2012; Silva, 2014). Every means was tried, even the most violent, to eradicate them from continental territory (expulsion orders; sentencing to banishment and deportations). Attempts at integration were rare and, when they did exist, they were always clearly aimed at repression, dissolution or domestication (Dias, 1995). The few references available point to living mainly in rural areas, without sufficient means of subsistence, housing and health conditions (Brinca, 2012). The disappearance of some opportunities for seasonal work, such as tending livestock and picking fruit, has meant that, like many other Portuguese populations, they have migrated internally to the outskirts of large cities, especially Lisbon and Porto, and there has been a large-scale process of sedentarisation of the Ciganos/ Roma in Portuguese society (Costa, 1995). In 1952, the Ciganos/Roma were granted the right to citizenship, which required their children to enrol in school, be settled and do compulsory military service (Antunes, 1997. Since 1974, access to citizenship rights has expanded, as has the right to housing and health services (Mendes et al., 2014). The democratic revolution of 25 April 1974 allowed for an unprecedented opening in terms of the possibility of settling and improving the living conditions of Portuguese Ciganos/Roma. The aim of this communication is to find out how the implementation of the democratic system impacted on the lives of Ciganos/ Roma families and contributed to their settling in certain social and territorial contexts, both urban and rural. We intend to present some exploratory results resulting from the application of qualitative methodology with in-depth interviews in which Ciganos/ Roma over the age of 65 are given a voice in various locations in Portugal. We will also use the results of an ethnographic investigation in a town in the central interior of Portugal that is characterised by many Ciganos/ Roma families - Zebreira, in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova, in the district of Castelo Branco. In this town, Ciganos/ Roma makes up around 50 per cent of the resident population. Using an ethnographic approach, which includes fieldwork, participant 146 observation, interviews and documentary analysis, the research seeks to understand the historical and geographical trajectories of Ciganos/ Roma families, the factors that enabled them to remain and take root, as well as the social dynamics established with the surrounding community. We intend to contribute to in-depth knowledge of a unique case of Ciganos/ Roma families settling in a single parish, promoting reflection on public policies for integration and social cohesion and their interconnection with the conditions allowed by the change in the political scenario in Portugal.