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- Novas tendências e hábitos de consumo entre os jovens: uma nova era de drogas e consumidoresPublication . Henriques, Susana; Silva, Joana PaulaA presente comunicação pretende abordar o tema das Novas Substâncias Psicoativas aos olhos de alguns dados importantes sobre a prevalência do consumo de substâncias e a representação que as mesmas têm entre os mais jovens; os novos meios de comunicação, aquisição e recolha de informação sobre drogas; os novos estilos de vida e o caminho da evolução do fenómeno da droga em Portugal e na própria vida quotidiana.
- Why do people use new psychoactive substances?: Development of a new measurement tool in six European countriesPublication . Benschop, Annemieke; Urbán, R.; Kapitány-Fövény, M.; Van Hout, Marie Claire; Dąbrowska, K.; Felvinczi, Katalin; Hearne, E.; Henriques, Susana; Kaló, Z.; Kamphausen, G.; Silva, Joana Paula; Wieczorek, Łukasz; Werse, Bernd; Bujalski, Michal; Korf, D.; Demetrovics, ZsoltIntroduction: New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a public health threat. Many studies have tried to identify the reasons of NPS use; however, none of them have so far used any standardised measures. The aim of this study was (i) to develop and cross-culturally validate the New Psychoactive Substance Use Motives Measure (NPSMM) and (ii) to compare motives of NPS use across countries and user types. Methods: Three subgroups (socially marginalised users, nightlife attendees and members of online communities) of NPS users (N = 3023) were recruited from six EU member countries. Demographics, motives and types of NPS used were assessed. NPS use motives were measured by adapting the extended six-factor version of the Marijuana Motives Measure. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in a similar five-factor solution across most of the countries: coping, enhancement, social, conformity and expansion motives. Marginalised users scored higher on coping and conformity motives, nightlife groups showed higher endorsement of social motive, whereas online community users showed higher scores on expansion motives. Various types of NPS were also associated with different motives. Conclusion: NPS use motives might be associated with both the groups of users and the specific types of NPS being consumed. Expansion (psychedelics) and enhancement (stimulants) motives seemed to be linked to the chosen NPS product type, while coping, social and conformity motives were rather associated with user groups. NPSMM was found to be a valid instrument to measure NPS motives.
- Uma análise sobre as políticas públicas e os mercados das Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP)Publication . Henriques, Susana; Guerreiro, Maria das Dores; Silva, Joana PaulaO presente texto retrata, contextualiza e discute o fenómeno das novas substâncias psicoativas. Dá especial enfoque à realidade portuguesa e destaca as políticas públicas, os mercados e contextos, embora fazendo o seu enquadramento em termos europeus e internacionais, já que se trata de uma problemática global. As Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP) são um fenómeno emergente que consiste no aparecimento ou reaparecimento no mercado de um conjunto de substâncias que, de acordo com a sua composição química, formas de uso e meios de aquisição, se assemelham às drogas convencionais, mas com novas particularidades. A sua grande variedade e rápida transformação configuram dificuldades de identificação e delimitação legal e conceptual. Devido a estas características tais substâncias não se encontram referenciadas nas tabelas dos organismos oficiais internacionais. E daqui resulta que não tenham estatuto de ilegais (nem de legais), apesar de serem potencialmente perigosas em termos de saúde pública e, por isso, tenham vindo a merecer atenção social, em termos de políticas públicas e também da comunidade científica. Começa-se por enquadrar o fenómeno das NSP em termos das políticas públicas a nível nacional e dos organismos europeus (EMCDDA) e internacionais (UNODC) com responsabilidades sobre este campo. Procura-se, de seguida problematizar a delimitação conceptual das novas substâncias psicoativas, destacando as dificuldades associadas a tal exercício. Num terceiro ponto abordam-se os mercados das NSP, com destaque para o papel da dimensão virtual potenciada pela expansão das tecnologias digitais e da internet. As conclusões apontam para a necessidade de mais investigação com impacto nas políticas públicas e nas estratégias de intervenção, tornando-se mais focadas, designadamente ao nível da prevenção. Este texto constitui um contributo para a definição e evolução do enquadramento legal do fenómeno das novas substâncias psicoativas.
- Discriminative characteristics of marginalised novel psychoactive users: a transnational studyPublication . Felvinczi, Katalin; Benschop, Annemieke; Urbán, R.; Van Hout, Marie Claire; Dąbrowska, K.; Hearne, E.; Henriques, Susana; Kaló, Z.; Kamphausen, G.; Silva, Joana Paula; Wieczorek, Łukasz; Werse, Bernd; Bujalski, Michal; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Korf, D.New psychoactive substances (NPS) continue to be considered as a major public health concern in many European countries. The study was implemented within the framework of a transnational project of six European countries (Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal). Our aim here is to report on the distinct and differentiating characteristics of marginalised NPS users. Three subgroups of a total of 3023 adult NPS users (socially marginalised, night life, online community) were examined regarding their socio-demographic characteristics, substance use, and external motives towards NPS use. Poland and Hungary reported higher rates of NPS use in comparison to traditional controlled drugs. The external/contextual motives did not play a central role in the background of NPS use, the least important motives were alleged legality and non-detectability of these substances. Marginalised (defined as those accessing low threshold harm reduction services) users’ substance use patterns are different from the other two groups in terms of showing more intense and riskier drug use. The most important variables which contributed to be categorised as a marginalised NPS user were lower level education, being older, having an unfavourable labour market position and using drugs intravenously. Contextual motives did not play a decisive role in being categorised as a marginalised user when drug use pattern was controlled. These identified discriminative features of marginalised drug users should inform policy makers to develop and implement tailor-made interventions targeting this user group to successfully tackle the elevated public health concerns associated with NPS use.
- New psychoactive substances: towards a conceptual delimitationPublication . Henriques, Susana; Guerreiro, Maria das Dores; Silva, Joana PaulaNew Psychoactive Substances (nps) are a relatively recent phenomenon characterized by continuous expansion throughout more or less the entire world in the last decade. They include a diversity of natural or synthetic substances that are not yet on official lists and whose great variety and rapid transformations make the nps concept itself hard to define. Methodologically combining qualitative methods in order to present a problematized systematization of national and public policies, and quantitative ones presenting the results of a survey applied to users of nps in Portugal, the paper contributes to a more precise definition of nps and their effects and to know about the evolution of the applicable legal framework.
- Novas substâncias psicoativas (NSP): políticas públicas, mercados e espaços invisíveisPublication . Henriques, Susana; Silva, Joana PaulaA presente comunicação retrata, contextualiza e discute o fenómeno das novas substâncias psicoativas, dando especial enfoque à realidade portuguesa e destacando o exemplo das smartshops. Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP) são um fenómeno emergente de drogas que consiste no aparecimento ou reaparecimento de um conjunto de substâncias no mercado que, de acordo com a sua composição química, formas de uso e meios de aquisição, se assemelham às drogas convencionais, mas com novas particularidades. Subdividindo este fenómeno em dois momentos-chave associados ao fenómeno no país – antes e depois do Decreto Lei Nº54/2013 de 17 Abril -, o tema das NSP é aqui problematizado essencialmente a partir da sua definição global e científica, sendo posteriormente enquadrado em função das suas fases cíclicas em Portugal, políticas implementadas e prevalência de consumo entre a população.
- Sharing, group-buying, social supply, offline and online dealers: how users in a sample from six european countries procure New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)Publication . Werse, Bernd; Benschop, Annemieke; Kamphausen, Gerrit; Van Hout, Marie Claire; Henriques, Susana; Silva, Joana Paula; Dąbrowska, Katarzyna; Wieczorek, Łukasz; Bujalski, Michal; Felvinczi, Katalin; Korf, DirkGiven the multiple ways of regulations and market situations for new psychoactive substances (NPS), it is of interest how NPS users procure their drugs in different countries as well as in different user groups. Data comes from a face-to-face and online survey conducted in six EU countries, covering three groups of current (12-month) adult NPS users: (1) socially marginalized, (2) users in night life, and (3) users in online communities. While the supply situation differed considerably between countries, friends were the most prevalent source for buying, followed by online shops and private dealers. Marginalized users were more likely to buy from dealers, while online respondents showed the highest rates for buying online. While buying NPS from online or offline shops was relatively prevalent, we also found high rates for social supply and buying from dealers. A considerable part of this market may be classified as “social online supply,” with private suppliers procuring their drugs online. The market features among marginalized users resemble more those of illicit drug markets than those for other NPS users.
- O consumo de NSP em PortugalPublication . Henriques, Susana; Silva, Joana PaulaNovas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP) representam um grupo de substâncias que tem crescido rapidamente e cujos mercados têm beneficiado do desenvolvimento tecnológico. EMCDDA define-as como “substâncias naturais ou sintéticas que não são controladas pelos organismos oficiais e frequentemente visam mimetizar os efeitos das substâncias controladas”. Na metodologia usou-se um questionário aplicado presencialmente em contextos recreativos e online, em sítios e fóruns com temática relacionada com substâncias psicoativas. Aqui caracterizamos os consumidores portugueses de NSP quanto às substâncias, padrões de uso e contextos de consumo. Os resultados demonstram que os alucinogénicos, os estimulantes e os canabinoides são os tipos de NSP mais consumidos. Os principais contextos de consumo são os contextos recreativos, a própria casa ou a de amigos. Concluindo destacam-se alguns aspetos relacionados com as particularidades destes consumos, especialmente no que se relaciona com o papel das tecnologias na relação com as substâncias, entre consumidores e com os mercados.
- Health and social problems associated with recent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use amongst marginalised, nightlife and online users in six european countriesPublication . Van Hout, Marie Claire; Benschop, Annemieke; Dąbrowska, Katarzyna; Demetrovics, Zsolt; Felvinczi, Katalin; Hearne, Evelyn; Henriques, Susana; Kaló, Zsuzsa; Kamphausen, Gerrit; Korf, Dirk; Silva, Joana Paula; Wieczorek, Łukasz; Werse, Bernd; Bujalski, MichalContinued diversification and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) across Europe remains a public health challenge. The study describes health and social consequences of recent NPS use as reported in a survey of marginalised, nightlife and online NPS users in the Netherlands, Hungary, Portugal, Ireland, Germany and Poland (n = 3023). Some respondents were unable to categorise NPS they had used. Use of ‘herbal blends’ and ‘synthetic cannabinoids obtained pure’ was most reported in Germany, Poland and Hungary, and use of ‘branded stimulants’ and ‘stimulants/empathogens/nootropics obtained pure’ was most reported in the Netherlands. Increased heart rate and palpitation, dizziness, anxiety, horror trips and headaches were most commonly reported acute side effects. Marginalised users reported substantially more acute side effects, more mid- and long-term mental and physical problems, and more social problems. Development of country-specific NPS awareness raising initiatives, health and social service needs assessments, and targeted responses are warranted.