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- Canon and process in the 3D modeling of human anatomyPublication . Azevedo, Hugo de; Araújo, AntónioThe authors argue that the concept of the anatomical canon is not just an arbitrary standard of anatomical beauty but an indispensable mnemonic tool for the artist. The authors further argue that the canon is most relevant when adapted to a specific artistic process and tools, and in particular must be updated to the requirements of the digital tools of 3D modeling. A proposal of such a canon is discussed, as well as the process of its synthesis from standard 3D primitives and its artistic applications.
- Ruler, compass, and nail: constructing a total spherical perspectivePublication . Araújo, AntónioWe obtain a construction of a total spherical perspective with ruler, compass, and nail. This is a generalization of the spherical perspective of Barre and Flocon to a 360-degree field of view. Since the 1960s, several generalizations of this perspective have been proposed, but they were either works of a computational nature, inadequate for drawing with simple instruments, or lacked a general method for solving all vanishing points. We establish a general setup for anamorphosis and central perspective, define the total spherical perspective within this framework, study its topology, and show how to solve it with simple instruments. We consider its uses both in freehand drawing and in computer visualization, and its relation with the problem of reflection on a sphere.
- Guidelines for drawing immersive panoramas in equirectangular perspectivePublication . Araújo, AntónioVirtual Reality (VR) Panoramas work by interactively creating immersive anamorphoses from spherical perspectives. These panoramas are usually photographic but a growing number of artists are making hand-drawn equirectangular perspectives in order to visualize them as VR panoramas. This is a practice with both artistic and didactic interest. However, these drawings are usually done by trial-and-error, with ad-hoc measurements and interpolation of precomputed grids, a process with considerable limitations.We develop in this work the analytic tools for plotting great circles, straight line images and their vanishing points, and then provide guidelines for achieving these constructions in good approximation without computer calculations, through descriptive geometry diagrams that can be executed using only ruler, compass, and protractor.
- Towards a canon for digital human anatomy 3D modelingPublication . Azevedo, Hugo de; Araújo, AntónioWe argue that the notion of an anatomical canon is still useful in the current artistic environment and it must be updated to deal with new digital requirements and possibilities. We propose a canon with a view towards accurate digital human anatomy 3D modeling.
- A GeoGebra tool for drawing immersive perspectivesPublication . Araújo, AntónioSpherical perspective provides a connection between traditional handmade drawings and virtual reality environments, which can be exploited to create new forms of hybrid immersive artworks. We discuss the use of GeoGebra tools as auxiliary software for the creation of immersive designs in azimuthal equidistant (360-degree fisheye) spherical perspective.