Sociologia | Comunicações em congressos, conferências e seminários / Communications in congresses, conferences and seminars
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- Hate speech, racism and xenophobia against roma peoplePublication . Magano, Olga; Gypsy Lore SocietyThe presence of Roma people in different countries on different continents reveals the persistence of racist expressions and practices against Roma people (FRA, 2022). There have been many examples throughout history, mainly exacerbated by successive measures of repression, assimilation, expulsion from territories and attempts at extermination. This is the extreme case with the condemnation to banishment and galleys (Portugal and Spain) (Costa, 1995), social invisibility and non-effective citizenship during dictatorial states (Portugal, Spain and Italy, for example), but also in the case of Eastern European countries with submission to slavery, later to the proletariat (Romania) and the horror of medical experiments and the Nazi holocaust which victimised not only thousands of Jews, but also Roma people (Margalit, 2002). As we go through the literature on the history of the Roma, even though most of it is written by non-Roma (Fraser, 1997), the panorama takes us back to the systematic confrontation of attempts at expulsion, elimination, discrimination, social and spatial segregation, racism and xenophobia. Hatred of Roma people continues to be a current problem that exists in every country where Roma live. In other words, even though we are in the 21st century and democratic states prohibit forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination, in practical terms it still happens in everyday life. This phenomenon has been fuelled by the growth of racist movements and far-right parties in recent years. Racist practices are ingrained in societies and it is difficult to deconstruct stereotypes and negative representations of Roma people, who are usually the victims of generalisations and essentialist perspectives (Stewart, 2012). In addition, more recently, hate speech in comments on news stories in the media and on social networks has become extremely serious, threatening the human and citizenship rights of Roma people (Tremlett et al. 2017; Magano & D’ Oliveira, 2023). This panel hopes to bring together contributions from researchers from different countries and contexts on hate speech, racism and xenophobia, as well as exclusionary practices and the exclusion of Roma people from the spheres of citizenship, but also in terms of (non-) access to housing, access to employment and vocational training, education and health, and discuss perspectives for tackling this social and sociological problem.
- The implementation of a democratic system and citizenship of ciganos/roma people in Portugal: the paradigmatic case of Zebreira, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco DistrictPublication . Magano, Olga; Lopes, Fernanda; Gypsy Lore SocietyThe Ciganos/ Roma have been in Portugal for more than five centuries (since the first official registration), but there is still a huge lack of historical and social knowledge about their living conditions from their arrival to the present day. Knowledge is scarce and fragmented, both before and during the fascist state or ‘Estado Novo’ (Salazarism), when it was in force in Portugal (1933-1974). This was a period of dictatorship in which the relationship between the state and the Ciganos/ Roma was unknown. Only some information is known about the enormous repression experienced, persecution and expulsions, which contributed to the construction of an imaginary that reflects a past of constant flight (Mangas, 2021; Mendes, 2012). Thus, the state's strategy towards the Ciganos/ Roma has been characterised for centuries by segregation and merciless persecution (Bastos et al., 2007, Bastos, 2012; Silva, 2014). Every means was tried, even the most violent, to eradicate them from continental territory (expulsion orders; sentencing to banishment and deportations). Attempts at integration were rare and, when they did exist, they were always clearly aimed at repression, dissolution or domestication (Dias, 1995). The few references available point to living mainly in rural areas, without sufficient means of subsistence, housing and health conditions (Brinca, 2012). The disappearance of some opportunities for seasonal work, such as tending livestock and picking fruit, has meant that, like many other Portuguese populations, they have migrated internally to the outskirts of large cities, especially Lisbon and Porto, and there has been a large-scale process of sedentarisation of the Ciganos/ Roma in Portuguese society (Costa, 1995). In 1952, the Ciganos/Roma were granted the right to citizenship, which required their children to enrol in school, be settled and do compulsory military service (Antunes, 1997. Since 1974, access to citizenship rights has expanded, as has the right to housing and health services (Mendes et al., 2014). The democratic revolution of 25 April 1974 allowed for an unprecedented opening in terms of the possibility of settling and improving the living conditions of Portuguese Ciganos/Roma. The aim of this communication is to find out how the implementation of the democratic system impacted on the lives of Ciganos/ Roma families and contributed to their settling in certain social and territorial contexts, both urban and rural. We intend to present some exploratory results resulting from the application of qualitative methodology with in-depth interviews in which Ciganos/ Roma over the age of 65 are given a voice in various locations in Portugal. We will also use the results of an ethnographic investigation in a town in the central interior of Portugal that is characterised by many Ciganos/ Roma families - Zebreira, in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova, in the district of Castelo Branco. In this town, Ciganos/ Roma makes up around 50 per cent of the resident population. Using an ethnographic approach, which includes fieldwork, participant 146 observation, interviews and documentary analysis, the research seeks to understand the historical and geographical trajectories of Ciganos/ Roma families, the factors that enabled them to remain and take root, as well as the social dynamics established with the surrounding community. We intend to contribute to in-depth knowledge of a unique case of Ciganos/ Roma families settling in a single parish, promoting reflection on public policies for integration and social cohesion and their interconnection with the conditions allowed by the change in the political scenario in Portugal.
- Roma artistic expressions in Portugal: an exploratory approach to making roma culture visiblePublication . Magano, Olga; Gypsy Lore SocietyPortuguese Roma have been victims of persecution for centuries, but they have preserved their culture, showing cultural resistance and affirming their identity (Nunes, 1996; Costa 1995). Roma people are part of Portuguese society, yet the Roma culture is still little known and valued. Roma are most often associated with negative, homogenizing stereotypes and images and labelled as social parasites (Silva, 2022). Portuguese studies have focused more on precarious living conditions and poverty and social exclusion (precarious housing, high illiteracy and school drop-out rates, inaccessibility to the labour market and issues of racism and discrimination), segregation and marginalization (for example, Magano, 2010, Mendes, 2007). In general, Roma cultural issues and artistic expressions are still little studied. Family festivities are the main occasions for celebrating the family and manifesting the traditions of the culture (weddings, petitions, birthdays, baptisms, etc.). Visibility has increased with the dissemination of videos on social media of festivals, music and singing, as well as religious moments (“cultos”), in which it is possible to observe these artistic manifestations, assumed and interpreted by several generations of families. It is therefore important to uncover and analyse the culture and artistic practices of the Roma that persist despite repression, particularly those who resisted 40 years of dictatorship and heavy police repression. The aim of this communication is to present an exploratory approach to Portuguese Roma artistic expressions, based on other European references (Marushiakova & Popov, 2016; Silverman, 2012) by analysing recordings available on social networks and other sources, in conjunction with the significance of the families' cultural heritage, while also equating the persistence of cultural ethnocentrism in Portuguese society with the failure to value Roma arts and failure to recognise Roma culture as part of Portuguese culture.