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Hate speech, racism and xenophobia against roma people
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The presence of Roma people in different countries on different continents reveals the persistence of racist expressions and practices against Roma people (FRA, 2022). There have been many examples throughout history, mainly exacerbated by successive measures of repression, assimilation, expulsion from territories and attempts at extermination. This is the extreme case with the condemnation to banishment and galleys (Portugal and Spain) (Costa, 1995), social invisibility and non-effective citizenship during dictatorial states (Portugal, Spain and Italy, for example), but also in the case of Eastern European countries with submission to slavery, later to the proletariat (Romania) and the horror of medical experiments and the Nazi holocaust which victimised not only thousands of Jews, but also Roma people (Margalit, 2002). As we go through the literature on the history of the Roma, even though most of it is written by non-Roma (Fraser, 1997), the panorama takes us back to the systematic confrontation of attempts at expulsion, elimination, discrimination, social and spatial segregation, racism and xenophobia. Hatred of Roma people continues to be a current problem that exists in every country where Roma live. In other words, even though we are in the 21st century and democratic states prohibit forms of racism, xenophobia and discrimination, in practical terms it still happens in everyday life. This phenomenon has been fuelled by the growth of racist movements and far-right parties in recent years.
Racist practices are ingrained in societies and it is difficult to deconstruct stereotypes and negative representations of Roma people, who are usually the victims of generalisations and essentialist perspectives (Stewart, 2012). In addition, more recently, hate speech in comments on news stories in the media and on social networks has become extremely serious, threatening the human and citizenship rights of Roma people (Tremlett et al. 2017; Magano & D’ Oliveira, 2023). This panel hopes to bring together contributions from researchers from different countries and contexts on hate speech, racism and xenophobia, as well as exclusionary practices and the exclusion of Roma people from the spheres of citizenship, but also in terms of (non-) access to housing, access to employment and vocational training, education and health, and discuss perspectives for tackling this social and sociological problem.
References:
Costa, E. M. (1995) Os ciganos em Portugal: breve história de uma exclusão [Gypsies in Portugal: a brief history of exclusion]. In L. Cortesão, Pinto, F. (org.) (Ed.). O povo cigano: cidadãos na sombra - Processos explícitos e ocultos de exclusão [The Roma: citizens in the shadows - Explicit and hidden processes of exclusion]. Porto: Ed. Afrontamento, pp. 21-26.
FRA (2022) Roma in 10 European countries. Viena: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2022-roma-survey-2021-main- results_en.pdf
Fraser, A. (1997) História do Povo Cigano [The Gypsies (The Peoples of Europe)]. Lisboa: Editorial Teorema.
Magano, O., & D’Oliveira, T. (2023). Antigypsyism in Portugal: Expressions of Hate and Racism in Social Networks. Social Sciences 12 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12090511
Margalit, G. (2002). Gernany and Its Gypsies: A Post-Auschwitz Ordeal (Vol. XVIII). Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Stewart, M. (Ed.) (2012) The Gypsy “menace”. Populism and the new anti-Gypsy politics. London: Hurst & Company.
Tremlett, A., Messing, V. & Kóczé, A. (2017) Romaphobia and the media: mechanisms of power and the politics of representations. In Identities 24 (6): 641-649.
Descrição
Panel of Conference of Gypsy Lore Society - Sofia 2024