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- The implementation of a democratic system and citizenship of ciganos/roma people in Portugal: the paradigmatic case of Zebreira, Idanha-a-Nova, Castelo Branco DistrictPublication . Magano, Olga; Lopes, Fernanda; Gypsy Lore SocietyThe Ciganos/ Roma have been in Portugal for more than five centuries (since the first official registration), but there is still a huge lack of historical and social knowledge about their living conditions from their arrival to the present day. Knowledge is scarce and fragmented, both before and during the fascist state or ‘Estado Novo’ (Salazarism), when it was in force in Portugal (1933-1974). This was a period of dictatorship in which the relationship between the state and the Ciganos/ Roma was unknown. Only some information is known about the enormous repression experienced, persecution and expulsions, which contributed to the construction of an imaginary that reflects a past of constant flight (Mangas, 2021; Mendes, 2012). Thus, the state's strategy towards the Ciganos/ Roma has been characterised for centuries by segregation and merciless persecution (Bastos et al., 2007, Bastos, 2012; Silva, 2014). Every means was tried, even the most violent, to eradicate them from continental territory (expulsion orders; sentencing to banishment and deportations). Attempts at integration were rare and, when they did exist, they were always clearly aimed at repression, dissolution or domestication (Dias, 1995). The few references available point to living mainly in rural areas, without sufficient means of subsistence, housing and health conditions (Brinca, 2012). The disappearance of some opportunities for seasonal work, such as tending livestock and picking fruit, has meant that, like many other Portuguese populations, they have migrated internally to the outskirts of large cities, especially Lisbon and Porto, and there has been a large-scale process of sedentarisation of the Ciganos/ Roma in Portuguese society (Costa, 1995). In 1952, the Ciganos/Roma were granted the right to citizenship, which required their children to enrol in school, be settled and do compulsory military service (Antunes, 1997. Since 1974, access to citizenship rights has expanded, as has the right to housing and health services (Mendes et al., 2014). The democratic revolution of 25 April 1974 allowed for an unprecedented opening in terms of the possibility of settling and improving the living conditions of Portuguese Ciganos/Roma. The aim of this communication is to find out how the implementation of the democratic system impacted on the lives of Ciganos/ Roma families and contributed to their settling in certain social and territorial contexts, both urban and rural. We intend to present some exploratory results resulting from the application of qualitative methodology with in-depth interviews in which Ciganos/ Roma over the age of 65 are given a voice in various locations in Portugal. We will also use the results of an ethnographic investigation in a town in the central interior of Portugal that is characterised by many Ciganos/ Roma families - Zebreira, in the municipality of Idanha-a-Nova, in the district of Castelo Branco. In this town, Ciganos/ Roma makes up around 50 per cent of the resident population. Using an ethnographic approach, which includes fieldwork, participant 146 observation, interviews and documentary analysis, the research seeks to understand the historical and geographical trajectories of Ciganos/ Roma families, the factors that enabled them to remain and take root, as well as the social dynamics established with the surrounding community. We intend to contribute to in-depth knowledge of a unique case of Ciganos/ Roma families settling in a single parish, promoting reflection on public policies for integration and social cohesion and their interconnection with the conditions allowed by the change in the political scenario in Portugal.
- Could be intercultural mediation the solution to ciganos/roma integration? The Portuguese case and the example of Porto cityPublication . Magano, OlgaFrom the perspective of Giménez Romero (1997), intercultural mediation is a form of intervention by third parties in and around social situations of significant multiculturalism, aimed at achieving recognition of the recognition of the other and bringing the parties closer together, between ethnoculturally different social or institutional actors. However, the need for mediation is generally only emphasised in contexts of vulnerability and social exclusion (Guerra, 2008). Sometimes it is a question of attempts to ‘normalise’ the ‘outsiders’, those who differ from the ‘established’ (Elias and Scotson, 2000 [1965]), from a cultural point of view, since some citizens are viewed with strangeness or even as ‘foreigners’ (Simmel, 1997), spatially and socially settled and segregated from the urban fabric and the city (Wacquant, 2014). Fifty years on from 25 April 1974, the persistence of gypsophobia (Bastos, 2012) and anti-gypsyism (FRA, 2022; Magano and D' Oliveira, 2023) in Portugal is notorious, and the right to non-discrimination and social integration, in the sense of citizenship, has yet to be fulfilled. There have been several attempts to incorporate Ciganos/ Roma mediation professionals, but they have come up against the difficulty of formally recognising the profession. More recently, the creation of teams of Municipal and Intercultural Mediators, within the framework of the Strategic Plan for Migration, the National Strategy for the Integration of Roma Communities 2013-2020 and the Operational Programme for Social Inclusion and Employment (Portugal 2020) in 2018 sought to respond to the need for intercultural intervention with the Ciganos/Roma and immigrant population. The aim of this presentation is to reflect on the role of Ciganos/ Roma mediators, in general in Portugal and in particular in the city of Porto, with regard to the action taken to mediate with Ciganos/ Roma people and families during the period of implementation and execution of the project in the municipality of Porto (March 2019 - April 2022). In this specific case, the results of a survey applied to Ciganos/ Roma people and interviews applied to technicians and mediators will be used to find out what impact the project had on public organisations and Ciganos/Roma and non-Ciganos/Roma residents. The results point to a huge range of activities, roles and expectations attributed to the mediators and the constraints they face in achieving objectives that are sometimes unattainable or beyond the reach of these interveners, who have no power of decision or mobilisation of human and financial resources.