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O casal agrícola da idade do ferro de Gamelas 3 (Oeiras)
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Gamelas 3 corresponde provavelmente a casal agrícola do século v a. C. implantado no rebordo de vasta plataforma culminante da encosta esquerda do vale da ribeira da Lage (Oeiras) identificado por Gustavo Marques em 1971 e por ele explorado em 1989. Apesar da escassa área investigada, apenas cerca de 16
m², o estudo dos testemunhos materiais cuidadosamente recolhidos permitiram
chegar às seguintes conclusões gerais:
1 – existência de uma única camada arqueológica, com cerca de 0,10 m de
potência, configurando uma ocupação processada em curto período de tempo,
compatível com a natureza da própria estação (casal agrícola); 2 – existência de estrutura, constituída por dois muros ortogonais, formados por blocos basálticos de dimensões médias, os quais deveriam constituir o embasamento de unidade habitacional de características usuais;
3 – as tipologias das produções cerâmicas denunciam forte tradição orientalizante
existindo, no entanto, recipientes de cerâmicas cinzentas finas com decorações
nervuradas, especialmente pratos/tampas, taças altas e jarros, que corporizam
produções específicas, de cariz regional, centradas nos atuais concelhos de
Amadora e de Oeiras; 4 – a forte aptidão agrícola dos solos basálticos faz crer que as potenciais produções obtidas, designadamente as cerealíferas, se destinariam ao abastecimento do importante centro urbano de Olisipo. Assim se explica a intensificação da chamada «colonização agrícola» dos férteis terrenos basálticos que envolvem a referida cidade, de Loures a Cascais, representada pela multiplicação destes casais agrícolas especializados naquele tipo de produções, cujas origens remontam, na região, pelo menos ao Bronze Final; de acordo com a informação obtida
do estudo dos macrorrestos vegetais, os campos agrícolas integravam ‑se em uma
paisagem mediterrânica aberta, caracterizada pela presença de oliveira ou zambujeiro
(Olea europea), medronheiro (Arbutus unedo), urze (Erica arborea), pinheiro bravo (Pinus pinaster) e azinheira/carrasco (Quercus ilex/Q. coccifera). 5 – embora a prática e xtensiva e intensiva da agricultura cerealífera constituísse a principal actividade destas pequenas comunidades de raiz familiar, dispersas pela região, foi pela primeira vez documentada a presença de restos faunísticos, os quais permitiram verificar a existência de uma economia doméstica que incluía o pastoreio de boi e de ovelhas/cabras, complementada pela recoleção no litoral adjacente de moluscos, os quais também serviriam, em certos casos, para a indústria da tinturaria, conforme sugere a ocorrência de conchas de cf. Thais haemastoma, intencionalmente partidas para extração do molusco vivo.
Gamelas 3 is a small rural settlement probably from the century V BC, located in the bord of a vast platform on the left side of the valley of Ribeira da Laje (Oeiras) identified by Gustavo Marques in 1971 and explored by him in 1989. In spite of the small area surveyed, about 16 sqm, the study of the materials collected allowed us to reach the following conclusions: 1 – Existence of a single archeological layer, with about 0.1 m of potency, fancying a short occupation compatible with the nature of the settlement; 2 – It was identified a structure with two orthogonal walls of basaltic rocks and average dimension, constituting the basement of a house; 3 – Typologies of ceramic showing strong oriental influences, but some vases of fine grey ceramic with innerved decorations, especially plates, high cups and jars, are related to regional productions, in the area of the mouth of the Tagus estuary (municipalities of Amadora and Oeiras); 4 – A strong agricultural aptitude of the basaltic soils probably resulted in high productivity, namely of cereals destined for the important urban center of Olisipo. The importance of that urban center, during the V century BC would explain the intensification of the agricultural colonization of the area from Loures to Cascais, represented by innumerous small settlements like Gamelas 3 established since the Late Bronze Age. According to the vegetal macro remains,these agricultural fields would be an open Mediterranean farmland constituted by Olea europea, Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex/Q.coccifera). 5 – The extensive and intensive cereal crop was the main activity of these small unities having a family root, dispersed in the region. For the first time, faunal remains were documented, showing a small scale economy, by opposition to the intensive and extensive agriculture, including cattle raising (ox, sheep, goats), complemented by the collection of mollusks in the littoral areas, also used for dyeing, as shown by the occurrence of shells such as from cf. Thais haemastoma, intentionally broken for the extraction of the animal alive.
Gamelas 3 is a small rural settlement probably from the century V BC, located in the bord of a vast platform on the left side of the valley of Ribeira da Laje (Oeiras) identified by Gustavo Marques in 1971 and explored by him in 1989. In spite of the small area surveyed, about 16 sqm, the study of the materials collected allowed us to reach the following conclusions: 1 – Existence of a single archeological layer, with about 0.1 m of potency, fancying a short occupation compatible with the nature of the settlement; 2 – It was identified a structure with two orthogonal walls of basaltic rocks and average dimension, constituting the basement of a house; 3 – Typologies of ceramic showing strong oriental influences, but some vases of fine grey ceramic with innerved decorations, especially plates, high cups and jars, are related to regional productions, in the area of the mouth of the Tagus estuary (municipalities of Amadora and Oeiras); 4 – A strong agricultural aptitude of the basaltic soils probably resulted in high productivity, namely of cereals destined for the important urban center of Olisipo. The importance of that urban center, during the V century BC would explain the intensification of the agricultural colonization of the area from Loures to Cascais, represented by innumerous small settlements like Gamelas 3 established since the Late Bronze Age. According to the vegetal macro remains,these agricultural fields would be an open Mediterranean farmland constituted by Olea europea, Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex/Q.coccifera). 5 – The extensive and intensive cereal crop was the main activity of these small unities having a family root, dispersed in the region. For the first time, faunal remains were documented, showing a small scale economy, by opposition to the intensive and extensive agriculture, including cattle raising (ox, sheep, goats), complemented by the collection of mollusks in the littoral areas, also used for dyeing, as shown by the occurrence of shells such as from cf. Thais haemastoma, intentionally broken for the extraction of the animal alive.
Description
Keywords
Idade do Ferro Casal agrícola Tradição orientalizante Século V a.C Oeiras Lisboa Iron age Rural settlement Orientalising tradition Fifth century BC
Citation
Cardoso, João Luís; Silva, Carlos Tavares da - O casal agrícola da Idade do Ferro de Gamelas 3 (Oeiras). "O Arqueólogo Português". ISSN 0874-579X. S. 5, Vol. 2 (2013), p. 353-398