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Os fornos de cal artesanais de Pataias: história, memória e progresso
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Abstract(s)
Os fornos de cal de Pataias constituem, atualmente, o maior núcleo de fornos
artesanais de cal em território Português (31 fornos). Depois do levantamento geográfico
e arqueológico realizado em 2017, encontram-se dois grandes núcleos: o núcleo dos Olhos
de Água / Ratoínha com 12 fornos, dispersos numa área aproximadamente três hectares e
o núcleo da Brejoeira com 19 fornos dispersos numa área aproximada de quatro hectares.
Os dois núcleos distanciam cerca de 500 metros.
Desde as primeiras referências, na primeira metade do século XVIII, até à década de
1960, os fornos de cal constituíram uma importante fonte de desenvolvimento
socioeconómico para a região. Na década de 1940 atingiu-se o auge de fornos em
laboração, contabilizando-se cerca de quatro dezenas. No entanto, será na década de 60,
com recurso a novos meios tecnológicos, que a indústria atinge o auge da produção,
contabilizando-se cerca de 30 fornos em laboração, alguns a atingir 17 fornadas por ano.
Em 1981, apenas existiam 10 fornos de cal ativos. O último cessou atividade em 1995.
Não se pode abordar apenas os fornos, mas sim o complexo industrial na qual se
encontravam integrados, que incluíam igualmente o barracão – normalmente de grandes
dimensões, para resguardo do combustível, os depósitos / tulhas - construções em
alvenaria com divisórias no seu interior para o armazenamento cal e ainda pequenos
anexos que serviam de arrecadação. O forno é o centro da atividade fabril e o edifício mais
importante. Similar a um poço, é construído em tijolo de burro, com um aterro ao seu redor
e um portal na parte frontal. O aterro possuiu uma dupla finalidade: suportar a pressão
exercida pela pedra nas primeiras horas, e permitir o acesso ao topo do forno de onde era
descarregada a pedra, quando o empedre já se encontrava em fase final.
Relativamente ao ciclo de produção, a pedra era extraída das pedreiras e
transportada para junto do forno. De seguida eram colocadas dentro do forno, formando
uma abóbada. Inicia-se a cozedura com dois forneiros alimentando continuamente o forno.
O número de dias necessários para a cozedura variava entre os cinco e os sete. Por fim, era
realizada a desenforna, armazenamento e comercialização da cal.
The lime kilns of Pataias are currently the largest cluster of artisanal lime kilns in Portuguese territory (31 kilns). After the geographic and archaeological survey carried out in 2017, there are two major cores: the core of Olhos de Água / Ratoínha with 12 kilns, scattered in an area of approximately three hectares and the core of Brejoeira with 19 kilns scattered in an area of approximately four hectares. The two groups are about 500 meters apart. Since the first references, in the first half of the 18th century, until the 1960s, the lime ovens were an importantsource ofsocio-economic development forthe region. In the 1940sthe number of kilnsin operation reached its peak, about four dozen. However, it was in the 1960's, with the use of new technological means, that the industry reached its peak of production, with about 30 kilnsin operation,some reaching 17 batches per year. In 1981, there were only 10 active lime kilns. The last one ceased activity in 1995. One cannot only approach the kilns, but also the industrial complex in which they was integrated, which also included the shed - normally of large dimensions, for the protection of the fuel, the deposits / tulhas (storehouses) – masonry constructions with partitions inside for the storage of lime and also small annexes that served as storage rooms. The kiln isthe center of the factory activity and the most important building. Similar to a pit, itis built in “donkey” brick, with an embankment around it and a portal in the front. The embankment had a double purpose: to withstand the pressure exerted by the stone during the first hours, and to allow access to the top of the kiln from where the stone was unloaded, when the cobbling was already in its final stage. Regarding the production cycle, the stone was extracted from the quarries and transported to the kiln. Then they were placed inside the oven, forming a vault. The firing process started with two furnace workers continuously feeding the oven. The number of days needed for the baking varied between five and seven. Finally, the lime was unmolded, stored and sold.
The lime kilns of Pataias are currently the largest cluster of artisanal lime kilns in Portuguese territory (31 kilns). After the geographic and archaeological survey carried out in 2017, there are two major cores: the core of Olhos de Água / Ratoínha with 12 kilns, scattered in an area of approximately three hectares and the core of Brejoeira with 19 kilns scattered in an area of approximately four hectares. The two groups are about 500 meters apart. Since the first references, in the first half of the 18th century, until the 1960s, the lime ovens were an importantsource ofsocio-economic development forthe region. In the 1940sthe number of kilnsin operation reached its peak, about four dozen. However, it was in the 1960's, with the use of new technological means, that the industry reached its peak of production, with about 30 kilnsin operation,some reaching 17 batches per year. In 1981, there were only 10 active lime kilns. The last one ceased activity in 1995. One cannot only approach the kilns, but also the industrial complex in which they was integrated, which also included the shed - normally of large dimensions, for the protection of the fuel, the deposits / tulhas (storehouses) – masonry constructions with partitions inside for the storage of lime and also small annexes that served as storage rooms. The kiln isthe center of the factory activity and the most important building. Similar to a pit, itis built in “donkey” brick, with an embankment around it and a portal in the front. The embankment had a double purpose: to withstand the pressure exerted by the stone during the first hours, and to allow access to the top of the kiln from where the stone was unloaded, when the cobbling was already in its final stage. Regarding the production cycle, the stone was extracted from the quarries and transported to the kiln. Then they were placed inside the oven, forming a vault. The firing process started with two furnace workers continuously feeding the oven. The number of days needed for the baking varied between five and seven. Finally, the lime was unmolded, stored and sold.
Description
Keywords
História local Etnografia Arqueologia industrial Paisagem industrial Fornos de cal História empresarial Pataias Local history Ethnography Industrial archaeology Industrial landscape Lime kilns Business history
Citation
Inácio, Tiago Filipe Duarte - Os fornos de cal artesanais de Pataias [Em linha]: história, memória e progresso. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2022. 393 p.