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- A estação do neolítico antigo da Encosta de Sant’Ana (Lisboa): resultados das campanhas de escavação de 2004 a 2006Publication . Leitão, Vasco; Cardoso, João Luís; Martins, FilipeThe results of the excavations carried out between 2004 and 2006 at the Encosta de Sant´ Ana located in the Historic Center of Lisbon are presented. The formation of the respective stratigraphic sequence was characterized and all the collected remains were thoroughly studied, analyzing the respective distribution among the excavated areas and their potential relationship with the identified archaeological structures. The absolute chronology was determined by two radiocarbon AMS analysis, which situate this occupation in the Early evolved Neolithic in the transition from the 6th to the 5th millennium BC, allowed the establishment of comparisons with several sites of similar chronology, located in the region surrounding the Tagus estuary. For the archaeological structures identified; for the safe stratigraphy that made it possible to consider the recovered remains as constituting complete and closed sets, of great importance both in diversity and in the number of artefacts; and also due to the absolute chronology strictly determined by two AMS dating of bone samples from the terrestrial biosphere, the Encosta de Sant’ Ana site assumes itself as one of the most relevant sites of the Early Neolithic published so far in Portuguese territory.
- A Encosta de Sant’ana no quadro da economia alimentar do Neolítico Antigo da Península de LisboaPublication . Cardoso, João Luís; Martins, Filipe; Leitão, VascoWe studied the mammal remains recovered from the Early Neolithic settlement of Encosta de Sant’Ana (Lisbon), with important housing structures and abundant archaeological materials, whose absolute chronology lies in the transition from the 6th to the 5th millennium BC. The diversity of exploited and produced resources was observed, represented, in descending order of the number of remains identified, by the rabbit, followed by the pig/wild boar, the deer and probably the aurochs, in terms of wild species; and for pigs, caprines (sheep and goats), and dogs, in terms of domestic species. The characteristics identified of the food economy, allowing the comparison made with the scarce results available for other archaeological sites of the same period known in the Lisbon Peninsula.
- Remontagens de um conjunto de núcleos de sílex do Neolítico Antigo do povoado da Encosta de Sant’Ana (Lisboa)Publication . Leitão, Vasco; Martins, Filipe; Cardoso, João LuísA lithic assemblage is studied, composed of dozens of flint flakes recovered “in situ”, accumulated in a small pit excavated in the sandy soil and associated with a fire structure,of the Early Neolithic occupation of the site, dated to the transition from the 6th to the 5th millennium BC. When subjecting the recovered lithic assemblage to the reassembly method, it was found that it included several primary blocks, from which the chips were obtained, soon afterwards stored in the place where they were found. The blocks show exposure to fire of varying intensity, sometimes very strong, revealing the pre-heat treatment technique present in the region in other sites from the same period, indicating the existence of a specialized functional area in the domestic space. Due to the petrographic nature of the flint, along with the morphological characteristics of the flakes and reassembled blocks, an attempt was made to identify the origin of the raw material and recognize the preparation technique adopted. It was the first time that in Portugal, for a post-Paleolithic chronology it was possible to achieve this objective, supported by the exceptional nature of the find.
- A ocupação calcolítica da Encosta de Sant’Ana (Lisboa)Publication . Martins, Filipe; Leitão, Vasco; Cardoso, João LuísThe Chalcolithic ceramic and metal remains collected in preventive archaeological excavations carried out at the Encosta de Sant’Ana (hillside of Sant´Ana) settlement (Lisbon) are studied. The decorated ceramic set, mostly belonging to the bell-beaker complex, despite being small, is of great interest, due to the diversity of patterns and decorative techniques, the incised technique being largely dominant, coexisting with the ceramic productions of the “acacia leaf” group that occur in less quantity. The presence of such vestiges, which culturally prove the occupation of the site during the Full/Late Chalcolithic, along with its implantation characteristics on the ground have equivalent in other known occurrences in the region of the same period, revealing a complex picture in the occupation strategy of the territory and exploitation of the respective resources during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.
- Gruta artificial de S. Paulo II (Almada)Publication . Cardoso, João Luis; Martins, Filipe; Soares, AntónioExcavations carried out under the auspices of the Almada City Council, between 1989 and 1991 in the churchyard of S. Paulo, within the urban area of the city of Almada, led to the identification of what remains of an artificial cave, excavated in carbonate sediments of the Miocene, of which the burial chamber and a small section of the corridor adjacent to it were completely explored. The excavations led to the collection of a copious archaeological collection, associated with around 250 burials, carried out there throughout almost the entire 3rd millennium BC, whose broad diachrony is confirmed by the radiocarbon dating carried out and by the typology of the archaeological materials, which remained to be studied. Unfortunately, the intense disturbances produced in the cave at different times, which reached its totality, since perhaps the Iron Age, and which saw notable additions in the modern and contemporary periods through the installation of a cemetery on the site, made the discussion of the results based on stratigraphy unfeasible. Based on the cross-referencing of information from the 22 radiocarbon dates carried out within the scope of this work on human left calcaneums, with the results of the study of the archaeological remains, preserved in the Museum of Almada, it was possible to conclude that the funerary use of the cave knew three distinct and well-characterized chrono-cultural phases. The first phase dates back to the end of the Late Neolithic, in the transition from the 4th to the 3rd millennium BC, being represented by only a unique deposition. The second phase of the cave’s funerary use covers the entire first half of the 3rd millennium BC, and includes an important set of vessels (cups and bowls), of excellent finish, displaying the typical fluted decoration, characteristic of the Early Chalcolithic of Estremadura. Finally, the third phase of prehistoric use of the cave, in clear continuity with the previous one, corresponds to almost the entire second half of the 3rd millennium BC, and is illustrated by the magnificent bell‑shaped ceramic productions recovered, which constitute one of the most remarkable sets published from Portuguese territory to date, both in terms of quantity and diversity and quality of productions.
- O Complexo do Neolítico Final e do Calcolítico da Travessa das Dores/Rio Seco (Ajuda – Lisboa): resultados das escavações realizadas no sector do Rio Seco (2017/2018)Publication . Rocha, Miguel; Neto, Nuno; Rebelo, Paulo; Martins, Filipe; Cardoso, João LuísThe results of the archaeological intervention of 2017 and 2018 in the Rio Seco sector (Ajuda, Lisbon) are presented. This sector corresponds to the rural space adjacent to the site of Travessa das Dores, already published. The characteristics of the identified structures can be grouped into two main types: 1 - double facing walls, intended for the accumulation of previously dispersed loose stone and the division of land into agricultural plots; single-sided walls, or support walls, essentially intended to create terraces. Both are characterized by remarkable continuity and linearity — considering the dimensions of the agricultural fields at the time - this being probably the first from prehistoric times that was identified in Portuguese territory. The collection of a vast set of artefacts, associated with agricultural activities, namely the preparation of agricultural fields, is mostly attributed to contexts datable to the Late Neolithic and occasionally to the Chalcolithic, exactly the same situation that was identified at Travessa das Dores. In this way, the two archaeological spaces, represented by Travessa das Dores and Rio Seco, appear to be mutually complementary, corresponding to a single polynucleated and polyfunctional archaeological complex, with the first space being intended for the storage of agricultural products produced in the second, by same community.