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Populações que vivem junto a lixeiras de resíduos urbanos na cidade de Nampula: implicações e percepções na saúde e no ambiente
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Abstract(s)
Os sistemas de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) nos países em desenvolvimento
são caracterizados por prestação de serviços inadequados, baixa recuperação de resíduos,
ineficiências operacionais e eliminação inadequada dos resíduos. A presença de resíduos
sólidos urbanos, representam uma ameaça à saúde pública e ao ambiente se não forem
geridos de forma adequada. Em Nampula, província de Moçambique, existem diversas
lixeiras a céu aberto e há populações que residem junto dessas lixeiras. O presente estudo
tem como objetivo analisar as implicações e percepções sobre os efeitos na saúde e no
ambiente dessas populações que vivem junto a lixeiras de RSU na cidade de Nampula.
Utilizou-se pesquisa mista, com instrumentos de recolha de dados: questionário
epidemiológico e guiões de entrevistas. Foram aplicados 300 questionários, por
administração indirecta, a indivíduos residentes em quatro áreas geográficas diferentes e
que representam dois grupos: um grupo exposto aos efeitos das lixeiras (grupo dos casos)
e que estão sob a administração dos postos administrativos de Carrupeia, MuhalaExpansão e Namicopo; e um grupo não-exposto aos efeitos das lixeiras (grupo dos
controlos), que está sob a administração do posto administrativo de Marrere. Foram
realizadas doze entrevistas a técnicos: seis a técnicos de saúde e seis a técnicos de
ambiente, tendo como base duas entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Para a aplicação do
questionário contou-se com o apoio dos secretários dos bairros, os chefes do Município
das áreas de meio ambiente e da empresa EMUSANA que ajudaram na selecção da
amostra e garantiram a adesão dos participantes. Para a análise descritiva e testes
estatísticos de associação e homogeneidade dos resultados utilizou-se o software IBM
SPSS Statistics, versão 25.0. Os principais resultados obtidos foram as populações
estudadas consideraram que o seu estado de saúde era bom ou razoável. Nas diferentes
doenças ocorridas registou-se diferenças significativas para a doença Matequenha, com
maior ocorrência nos casos. No entanto as outras doenças também identificadas
implicavam a implementação de medidas para se proteger as populações casos e controlo
(malária, bilharziose, filária, cólera e febre amarela). As populações casos produziam
alimentos nas lixeiras, que consumiam e vendiam, podendo ocorrer a contaminação
através da cadeia alimentar. Outro factor de preocupação e exposição tem a ver com a
água consumida. Verificou-se que as populações que viviam junto das lixeiras, não
tinham conhecimentos sobre os impactos que estas lixeiras podiam fazer na sua saúde e
no ambiente. Embora neste estudo não tenha sido possível determinar os contaminantes
a que as populações possam estar expostas, o facto da recolha dos resíduos ser
indiferenciada e os diferentes tipos de resíduos serem todos depositados nestes locais, é
de prever que para além de contaminação por diferentes vectores (mosquitos, ratos e
animais domésticos) que podem provocar diferentes doenças tropicais nestas populações,
também não são de excluir outros contaminantes tais como metais pesados e compostos
orgânicos persistentes. Estas populações são pobres e vulneráveis e é necessário a
implementação de um conjunto de medidas para proteger estas populações, tais como:
educação das populações de forma eficaz e contínua sobre os riscos; envolvimento destas
populações nos processos de decisão e de participação sobre a gestão dos resíduos sólidos
urbanos; reassentamento das populações mais expostas; melhorar as condições de vida e
de habitabilidade destas populações; regulamentar os indivíduos que trabalham de forma
informal com os Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos.
Urban solid waste management systems (MSW) in developing countries are characterized by inadequate service delivery, low waste recovery, operational inefficiencies and inadequate waste disposal. The presence of urban solid waste poses a threat to public health and the environment if not managed properly. In Nampula city, in Mozambique, populations live near open dumps with open burning. The present study aims to analyze the implications and perceptions about the effects on health and on the environment of these populations that live close to MSW dumps in the city of Nampula. A mixed survey was used with data collection instruments: an epidemiological questionnaire and interview guides. Three hundred questionnaires were administered by indirect administration, to individuals residing in four different geographical areas and representing two groups, a group exposed to the effects of open dumps (case group) and who are under the administration of administrative posts in Carrupeia, Muhala-Expansão and Namicopo; and a group not exposed to the effects of open dumps (control group), which is under the administration of the administrative post in Marrere. Twelve interviews were conducted with technicians: six with health technicians and six with environmental technicians, based on two semi-structured interviews. For the application of the questionnaire, we had the support of the secretaries of the neighborhoods, the heads of the Municipality of the environmental areas and the company EMUSANA, who helped in the selection of the sample and ensured the participation of the population. For descriptive analysis and statistical tests of association and homogeneity of results, the IBM, SPSS Statistics software, version 25.0, was used. The main results obtained were that the populations studied considered their health status to be good or fair. In the different diseases that occurred, there were significant differences for the Matequenha disease, with greater occurrence in cases. However, the other diseases also identified implied the implementation of measures to protect the populations from cases and control (malaria, schistosomiasis, filaria, cholera and yellow fever). The case populations produced food in dumps, which they consumed and sold, and contamination could occur through the food chain. Another factor of concern and exposure has to do with the water consumed. It has been found that that the populations who lived near the dumps had no knowledge of the impacts that these could have on their health and the environment. Although, in this study, it was not possible to determine the contaminants to which populations may be exposed, the fact that the collection of waste is undifferentiated and the different types of waste are all deposited in these places, it is expected that in addition to contamination by different vectors (mosquitoes, rats and domestic animals) that can cause different tropical diseases in these populations, other contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic compounds cannot be excluded. These populations are poor and vulnerable, and it is necessary to implement a set of measures to protect these populations, such as: effectively and continuously educating the population about the risks; involvement of these populations in decision-making and participation processes on the management of urban solid waste; resettlement of the most exposed populations; to improve the living and habitability conditions of these populations; regulate individuals who work informally with Municipal Solid Waste.
Urban solid waste management systems (MSW) in developing countries are characterized by inadequate service delivery, low waste recovery, operational inefficiencies and inadequate waste disposal. The presence of urban solid waste poses a threat to public health and the environment if not managed properly. In Nampula city, in Mozambique, populations live near open dumps with open burning. The present study aims to analyze the implications and perceptions about the effects on health and on the environment of these populations that live close to MSW dumps in the city of Nampula. A mixed survey was used with data collection instruments: an epidemiological questionnaire and interview guides. Three hundred questionnaires were administered by indirect administration, to individuals residing in four different geographical areas and representing two groups, a group exposed to the effects of open dumps (case group) and who are under the administration of administrative posts in Carrupeia, Muhala-Expansão and Namicopo; and a group not exposed to the effects of open dumps (control group), which is under the administration of the administrative post in Marrere. Twelve interviews were conducted with technicians: six with health technicians and six with environmental technicians, based on two semi-structured interviews. For the application of the questionnaire, we had the support of the secretaries of the neighborhoods, the heads of the Municipality of the environmental areas and the company EMUSANA, who helped in the selection of the sample and ensured the participation of the population. For descriptive analysis and statistical tests of association and homogeneity of results, the IBM, SPSS Statistics software, version 25.0, was used. The main results obtained were that the populations studied considered their health status to be good or fair. In the different diseases that occurred, there were significant differences for the Matequenha disease, with greater occurrence in cases. However, the other diseases also identified implied the implementation of measures to protect the populations from cases and control (malaria, schistosomiasis, filaria, cholera and yellow fever). The case populations produced food in dumps, which they consumed and sold, and contamination could occur through the food chain. Another factor of concern and exposure has to do with the water consumed. It has been found that that the populations who lived near the dumps had no knowledge of the impacts that these could have on their health and the environment. Although, in this study, it was not possible to determine the contaminants to which populations may be exposed, the fact that the collection of waste is undifferentiated and the different types of waste are all deposited in these places, it is expected that in addition to contamination by different vectors (mosquitoes, rats and domestic animals) that can cause different tropical diseases in these populations, other contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic compounds cannot be excluded. These populations are poor and vulnerable, and it is necessary to implement a set of measures to protect these populations, such as: effectively and continuously educating the population about the risks; involvement of these populations in decision-making and participation processes on the management of urban solid waste; resettlement of the most exposed populations; to improve the living and habitability conditions of these populations; regulate individuals who work informally with Municipal Solid Waste.
Description
Keywords
População Lixo Resíduos sólidos urbanos Riscos na saúde e ambiente Moçambique Nampula Populations Dump and open burning Urban waste Health and environment risks
Pedagogical Context
Citation
Tocoloa, Alexandre Edgar Lourenço - Populações que vivem junto a lixeiras de resíduos urbanos na cidade de Nampula [Em linha]: implicações e percepções na saúde e no ambiente. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2021. 210 p.