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Sistemas de gestão de resíduos urbanos: incineração e sustentabilidade: caso de estudo
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Abstract(s)
Este relatório de estágio para o mestrado em Cidadania Ambiental e Participação (MCAP) pretende refletir sobre o tratamento térmico de resíduos urbanos-incineração em Portugal e na Suíça, abordando os parâmetros de rentabilidade e eficiência energética, fundamentando que este processo de tratamento de resíduos apresenta-se como viável e alternativo tanto no painel energético como no tratamento e eliminação de resíduos.
Os resíduos urbanos formalizaram-se uma prioridade das políticas a partir da segunda metade do séc. XX, associados à crescente degradação do ambiente e saúde humana e vistos como recursos face à depleção dos recursos naturais. O aumento dos resíduos per capita está diretamente relacionado com o consumismo e procura de qualidade de vida das sociedades modernas e urge uma combinação de estratégias e sistemas integrados que permitam a correta reutilização, reciclagem e deposição dos mesmos. Desde a publicação de normas europeias que proíbem a deposição de resíduos orgânicos em aterros e limitam a deposição de vários tipos de resíduos e a indisponibilidade de novos espaços para este fim, torna-se necessário alternativas que permitam a eliminação de resíduos ao mesmo tempo que garantam condições de salubridade pública e ambiental. Surge assim, a incineração dos resíduos urbanos com produção de energia elétrica como alternativa.
Neste contexto este relatório tem como objetivo a caraterização dos SGR em Portugal e Suíça, mais direcionado para os sistemas com valorização energética por incineração e a avaliação da potencialidade energética em unidades de incineração. Procedeu-se ao acompanhamento, em estágio, de um projeto numa unidade de incineração na Suíça, que previa a instalação de um economizador externo, equipamentos que permitem aumentar o rendimento energético, e a possível aplicação desta metodologia às duas unidades de incineração em Portugal Continental. A avaliação para a instalação de um economizador externo, inclui cálculos termodinâmicos que determinam a viabilidade do projeto e os impactes que o sistema terá, e avaliações no local para determinar espaço físico para a estrutura. Realizaram-se visitas às incineradoras e reuniões com os responsáveis em Portugal, para perceber o funcionamento destas e proceder à recolha de dados. No final não foi possível realizar de forma exaustiva o estudo devido à falta de informações mais detalhadas e pormenorizadas. Contudo é possível concluir que, do sistema analisado na Suíça poderá ser colocado em prática nas incineradoras em Portugal, onde se pode diversificar a produção das incineradoras para a utilização do vapor e a produção de energia elétrica, diversificando os rendimentos obtidos.
This research, for Master in Environmental Citizenship and Participation (MCAP) studies the relationship between waste-to-energy (WtE) as a form of municipal solid waste treatment in Portugal and Switzerland and its energetic efficiency and potential in attempt to defend this type of disposable is a viable alternative as well preferable to other forms of disposable pathways such as landfill, as well as a energy source. Municipal solid waste has become a Government priority since the half 20th Century, associated to environmental problems and contamination and seen as resource to respond to natural resources depletion. The increase of waste per capita is directly linked both to consumption and better quality of life of modern societies and demands a combination of strategies and managements systems that allows and priorities the reuse of goods and recycling and a profitable way of disposal. Ever since european framework on landfill prohibit the disposal of organic waste as well limited other types of waste has become necessary to find new ways to address the problem of disposal that assures the public health and environmental safety. Therefor WtE immerges as a viable and efficient alternative both as a disposal and electrical energy production. In this context, this research addresses the different municipal waste management systems in Portugal and Switzerland, directed to energy recovery systems, thermal waste treatment and evaluates the potential electrical energy production in WtE facilities in both countries. To do so, a project was accompanied by the author, to a WtE facility in Switzerland, in which an external economizer was installed to increase it the energy potential and the possibility to apply the same methodology in both portuguese WtE. This study is based on thermodynamic calculations, to determent the impacts that this equipment will have in the system as a whole and evaluate if there is a potential waste that could be capture and eventually use in the process, and based on evaluation in place to determent if, in fact, there is enough space to apply and built this structure. Both WtE in Portugal were visit and interviews took place with chef’s departments, to understand the process and collect data that would allow to stablish the potential. Dude to a lack of detail and specific information, it wasn´t possible to make a more exhaustive study. However, is was possible to conclude that the system in Switzerland can be applied in Portugal, were production can be diversified, steam and electrical energy, diversifying incomes as well.
This research, for Master in Environmental Citizenship and Participation (MCAP) studies the relationship between waste-to-energy (WtE) as a form of municipal solid waste treatment in Portugal and Switzerland and its energetic efficiency and potential in attempt to defend this type of disposable is a viable alternative as well preferable to other forms of disposable pathways such as landfill, as well as a energy source. Municipal solid waste has become a Government priority since the half 20th Century, associated to environmental problems and contamination and seen as resource to respond to natural resources depletion. The increase of waste per capita is directly linked both to consumption and better quality of life of modern societies and demands a combination of strategies and managements systems that allows and priorities the reuse of goods and recycling and a profitable way of disposal. Ever since european framework on landfill prohibit the disposal of organic waste as well limited other types of waste has become necessary to find new ways to address the problem of disposal that assures the public health and environmental safety. Therefor WtE immerges as a viable and efficient alternative both as a disposal and electrical energy production. In this context, this research addresses the different municipal waste management systems in Portugal and Switzerland, directed to energy recovery systems, thermal waste treatment and evaluates the potential electrical energy production in WtE facilities in both countries. To do so, a project was accompanied by the author, to a WtE facility in Switzerland, in which an external economizer was installed to increase it the energy potential and the possibility to apply the same methodology in both portuguese WtE. This study is based on thermodynamic calculations, to determent the impacts that this equipment will have in the system as a whole and evaluate if there is a potential waste that could be capture and eventually use in the process, and based on evaluation in place to determent if, in fact, there is enough space to apply and built this structure. Both WtE in Portugal were visit and interviews took place with chef’s departments, to understand the process and collect data that would allow to stablish the potential. Dude to a lack of detail and specific information, it wasn´t possible to make a more exhaustive study. However, is was possible to conclude that the system in Switzerland can be applied in Portugal, were production can be diversified, steam and electrical energy, diversifying incomes as well.
Description
Keywords
Sistemas de gestão ambiental Gestão de resíduos Resíduos urbanos Sustentabilidade ambiental Incineração Termodinâmica Modelos de gestão Energia Sustainability Waste management systems Waste management models Incineration Energy Thermodynamic
Citation
Gomes, Sónia Maria Abelha - Sistemas de gestão de resíduos urbanos [Em linha]: incineração e sustentabilidade: caso de estudo. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2019. 116 p.