Governing coastal change: adaptive responses to Portugal's littoral challanges

Bastos, Rosário; Pereira, Olegário Nelson Azevedo; Jóia, Catarina; Ferreira, José Carlos

http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/20267

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Authors

Bastos, Rosário

Pereira, Olegário Nelson Azevedo

Jóia, Catarina

Ferreira, José Carlos

Abstract(s)

Portugal's 900 km Atlantic coastline has become the site of pronounced territorial imbalance, marked by dense coastal occupation and the progressive desertification of inland regions. Today, over 80% of the population lives within 50 km of the coast, exposing these areas to increasing vulnerabilities, ranging from climate change impacts to environmental degradation, and intense urban pressures. Historically, the situation was different. During the Middle Ages, coastal zones were largely uninhabited, perceived as perilous spaces due to both natural hazards and human threats. Populations tended to settle 75-100 km inland. This pattern, however, shifted during Portugal's maritime expansion, which gradually stimulated settlement closer to the shoreline. The 19th and 20th centuries accelerated this reconfiguration: modern transport networks, airports, and the rise of coastal leisure and tourism encouraged mass coastal settlement, while inland areas declined. This historical evolution now poses significant challenges for spatial planners and environmental policymakers. Climate risks are especially acute in coastal zones, and the legacy of uneven development allied with the heavy dependence on grey infrastructure (e.g. groynes and seawalls) for protection, presents challenges for governance. To address these issues, the proposal urges for a reassessment of highly exposed and vulnerable coastal areas, the implementation of adaptive governance strategies suited for crisis contexts, and the promotion and integration of more sustainable approaches. Naturebased solutions, which enhance protection while supporting biodiversity and human health and wellbeing, should be prioritized as part of long-term resilience strategies. Equally important in the active involvement of citizens in the planning process. Only through integrated, forward-looking spatial planning and meaningful public engagement can Portugal achieve more resilient, equitable, and sustainable territorial dynamics in the face of escalating coastal pressures.