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Dois «sonhadores práticos» no campo das reformas sociais da medicina: Tomás Judym e José Tomás de Sousa Martins
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Abstract(s)
Depois do romantismo, o passado mítico-lendário foi questionado pela Ciência positivista e pelo espírito de reformas sociais, ganhando novos contornos literários nas obras sensíveis aos problemas da sociedade, patriótica e politicamente empenhadas. A obra de Stefan ?eromski (1864-1925), que, nas primeiras décadas do século xx, era considerado o maior romancista polaco, fez com que a função puramente estética da Literatura perdesse terreno, instigando o lado emocional e a consciência social dos seus leitores, a sua compaixão e vontade de agir. O protagonista do romance Ludzie bezdomni (1900) (Os homens sem teto), doutor Tomás (Tomasz) Judym, é um self-made man que, assumindo a responsabilidade pela miséria das massas do proletariado (primeiro, em Paris, depois, em Varsóvia, em Cisy e na Silésia), renuncia à sua própria felicidade e ao amor de Joaninha, e dedica a sua vida de médico aos pobres e à luta contra a injustiça social. O inconformismo e o empenhamento do doutor Judym como o primeiro «sonhador prático» da causa social tornaram-se proverbiais em polaco, conotando a atitude romântica livre da vontade de lucro financeiro na época do progresso desenfreado do capitalismo.
José Tomás de Sousa Martins (1843-1897) foi um «sonhador prático» real, uma figura ímpar da Ciência portuguesa, médico e professor catedrático na Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa, empenhado gratuitamente no combate à tuberculose. Em 1910, Jaime Cortesão traçou o perfil de Sousa Martins, sublinhando que, em Filosofia, foi positivista, materialista e determinista-fatalista, indo muito além da superstição científica que levava os que prezavam a Ciência para além dos limites do razoável, acrescentemos que também para além do limite da humanidade. Na verdade, Sousa Martins era um pasteuriano convicto e partilhou as ideias científicas do mestre francês. Para Sousa Martins, Pasteur era um dos santos a adorar na vasta religião da Ciência.
O doutor Tomás Judym e Sousa Martins entraram, respetivamente, na Literatura polaca e na História da Saúde Pública em Portugal como «santos laicos», figuras paradigmáticas da ação no campo das reformas sociais, médicos ao serviço do Homem, que não viam na religião o caminho para a sua salvação, mas antes na Ciência. E, também por isso, as figuras dos dois «sonhadores práticos» se tornam ainda mais fascinantes e recomendáveis à apresentação no tempo do debate sobre o espírito das reformas e a (re)construção da modernidade.
After Romanticism, the mythi-callegendary past was questioned by Positivist Science and the spirit of social reforms, gaining new literary contours in patriotically and politically committed works that were sensitive to the problems of society. The work of Stefan Żeromski (1864-1925), who in the first decades of the twentieth century was considered the greatest Polish novelist, caused the purely aesthetic function of Literature to lose ground, instigating the emotional side and social consciousness of its readers, their compassion and willingness to act. The protagonist of the novel Ludzie bezdomni (1900) (Homeless Men), Doctor Tomás (Tomasz) Judym, is a self-made man who, assuming responsibility for the misery of the masses of the proletariat (first in Paris, then in Warsaw, in Cisy and Silesia), renounces his own happiness and the love of Joaninha, and dedicates his life as a doctor to the poor and to the fight against social injustice. The nonconformity and commitment of Dr. Judym as the first «practical dreamer» of the social cause became proverbial in Polish, characterizing the romantic attitude free of financial gain in the time of capitalism’s unbridled progress.José Tomás de Sousa Martins (1843-1897) was a real «practical dreamer», an unparalleled figeure in Portuguese Science, a physician and professor at the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon, who fought tuberculosis free of charge. In 1910, Jaime Cortesão outlined the profile of Sousa Martins, emphasizing that in Philosophy he was positivist, materialist and determinist-fatalist, going far beyond the scientific superstition that took those who prized Science beyond the limits of reasonable, beyond the limit of mankind. In fact, Sousa Martins was a committed pasteurian and shared the scientific ideas of the French master. For Sousa Martins, Pasteur was one of the saints to be worshiped in the vast religion of Science.Dr. Tomás Judym and Sousa Martins entered, respectively, in Polish Literature and in the History of Public Health in Portugal as «lay saints», paradigmatic figures of action in the field of social reforms, physicians at the service of Man, who did not see in religion the way to their salvation, but rather in Science. And so the figures of the two «practical dreamers» become even more fascinating and recommendable to the presentation of the debate over the spirit of reforms and the (re)construction of modernity.
After Romanticism, the mythi-callegendary past was questioned by Positivist Science and the spirit of social reforms, gaining new literary contours in patriotically and politically committed works that were sensitive to the problems of society. The work of Stefan Żeromski (1864-1925), who in the first decades of the twentieth century was considered the greatest Polish novelist, caused the purely aesthetic function of Literature to lose ground, instigating the emotional side and social consciousness of its readers, their compassion and willingness to act. The protagonist of the novel Ludzie bezdomni (1900) (Homeless Men), Doctor Tomás (Tomasz) Judym, is a self-made man who, assuming responsibility for the misery of the masses of the proletariat (first in Paris, then in Warsaw, in Cisy and Silesia), renounces his own happiness and the love of Joaninha, and dedicates his life as a doctor to the poor and to the fight against social injustice. The nonconformity and commitment of Dr. Judym as the first «practical dreamer» of the social cause became proverbial in Polish, characterizing the romantic attitude free of financial gain in the time of capitalism’s unbridled progress.José Tomás de Sousa Martins (1843-1897) was a real «practical dreamer», an unparalleled figeure in Portuguese Science, a physician and professor at the Medical-Surgical School of Lisbon, who fought tuberculosis free of charge. In 1910, Jaime Cortesão outlined the profile of Sousa Martins, emphasizing that in Philosophy he was positivist, materialist and determinist-fatalist, going far beyond the scientific superstition that took those who prized Science beyond the limits of reasonable, beyond the limit of mankind. In fact, Sousa Martins was a committed pasteurian and shared the scientific ideas of the French master. For Sousa Martins, Pasteur was one of the saints to be worshiped in the vast religion of Science.Dr. Tomás Judym and Sousa Martins entered, respectively, in Polish Literature and in the History of Public Health in Portugal as «lay saints», paradigmatic figures of action in the field of social reforms, physicians at the service of Man, who did not see in religion the way to their salvation, but rather in Science. And so the figures of the two «practical dreamers» become even more fascinating and recommendable to the presentation of the debate over the spirit of reforms and the (re)construction of modernity.
Description
Keywords
Romantismo Positivismo Cientificidade Religião Superstição Romanticism Positivism Scientificity Religion Superstition
Citation
Kalewska, Anna - Dois «sonhadores práticos» no campo das reformas sociais da medicina: Tomás Judym e José Tomás de Sousa Martins. "e-LCV" [Em linha]. ISSN 2184-4097. Nº 1 (julho-dez. 2018), p. 127-148
Publisher
Centro de Estudos Globais da Universidade Aberta (CEG/UAb) | Instituto Europeu de Ciências da Cultura Padre Manuel Antunes (IECCPMA) | Associação Internacional de Estudos Ibero-Eslavos (CompaRes)