Loading...
Publication
Migrações e os desafios às democracias europeias: uma análise sob a perspetiva da ética contratualista à abertura das fronteiras
| Name: | Description: | Size: | Format: | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3.36 MB | Adobe PDF |
Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
Após o Tratado de Lisboa a União Europeia manteve a pretensão em alcançar uma
política de asilo e migração comum, sustentada no Código de Fronteiras Schengen e no
desenvolvimento do sistema de asilo. No entanto, o afluxo de migrantes e as constantes tragédias
no Mediterrâneo dominaram as decisões políticas da instituição, durante a 8ª Legislatura. A
Ética Contratualista possibilita apelar a um acordo racional ou razoável entre indivíduos, mas
também entre as relações dos Estados, neste contexto, da União Europeia, sobre os princípios
de justiça que devem orientar a política da instituição. Neste sentido, o objetivo da investigação
foi analisar se a abertura das fronteiras a nacionais de países terceiros, pela UE, é compatível
com as democracias europeias, com base na Ética Contratualista. Quanto ao método, esta foi
uma investigação exploratória, com um enfoque misto, com três instrumentos de avaliação: um
questionário, com onze participantes; uma entrevista; e uma análise do conteúdo do discurso em
sessão plenária, de sessenta e seis Eurodeputados portugueses e espanhóis, da 8ª Legislatura,
que representaram cinco Grupos Parlamentares.
A discussão dos Eurodeputados centrou-se na incapacidade das instituições europeias
em reformar o sistema de asilo, dando origem a uma orientação securitária das fronteiras
externas, com o reforço de Schengen, da FRONTEX e da externalização da gestão da migração,
em detrimento dos direitos humanos. Esta postura evidenciou uma nova “soberania dos Estadosmembros da União”, a mesma que condiciona a liberdade de circulação, o que se revelou
incompatível com os valores democráticos, de acordo com a perspetiva da Ética Contratualista.
Mas as críticas, também, incidiram no incumprimento sistemático dos Tratados, por parte dos
Estados-membros, o que colocou em causa a legitimidade democrática da União, uma falta de
confiança por parte das democracias europeias. Apesar dos resultados corroborarem que na
prática os Grupos Parlamentares manifestaram-se em conformidade com a sua ideologia
política. Desde a perspetiva ideal do Contratualismo, o discurso dos Eurodeputados apresentou
um elevado nível de concordância com os princípios de justiça estabelecidos nos Tratados,
principalmente, o primado dos direitos humanos, o que revelou uma postura favorável ao
argumento das fronteiras abertas.
Following the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Union has claimed the pretention to reach a common asylum and migration policy, sustained by the Schengen Borders Code and the development of an asylum system. However, the migrant flow, together with the constant tragedies in the Mediterranean, have dominated the political decisions of this institution throughout its eighth Legislature. The Contractualist Ethics makes it possible to call on a rational or reasonable agreement among individuals, as well as the States relationships, within this context, of the European Union, pertaining to the justice principles which must guide this institutions’ policy. In this respect, the aim of the investigation has been to analyse whether opening borders to citizen of third-party countries, by the EU, is compatible with European democracies, based on a Contractualist Ethics. Regarding its method, this has been an exploratory investigation, with a mixed focus, using three instruments: a questionnaire comprising eleven subjects; an interview and the content analysis of a speech given in a plenary session by sixty-six Portuguese and Spanish members of the European Parliament’s 8th legislature, representing the five Parliament Groups. Their discussion was centred around the incapacity of the European institutions to reform the asylum system, thus reinforcing the external borders through Schengen’s, FRONTEX and the externalisation of the migratory management, at the loss of human rights. This stance displayed a new “sovereignty of the Union’s State Members”, the same one which puts constraints over the freedom of movement, that has proven incompatible with democratic values, in accordance with the Contractualist Ethics perspective. But the criticism has also fallen upon the systematic failure to comply with the Treaties by the Member States, putting at stake the Union’s democratic legitimacy and a lack of confidence on the part of European democracies. Although results corroborate that, in practice, the Parliament Groups act in accordance with their political ideology. From the ideal Contractualist perspective, the Parliament Members speeches displayed a high level of agreement with the justice principles established by the Treaties, especially the Human Rights primacy, which has proven a favourable position for the open borders’ argument.
Following the Treaty of Lisbon, the European Union has claimed the pretention to reach a common asylum and migration policy, sustained by the Schengen Borders Code and the development of an asylum system. However, the migrant flow, together with the constant tragedies in the Mediterranean, have dominated the political decisions of this institution throughout its eighth Legislature. The Contractualist Ethics makes it possible to call on a rational or reasonable agreement among individuals, as well as the States relationships, within this context, of the European Union, pertaining to the justice principles which must guide this institutions’ policy. In this respect, the aim of the investigation has been to analyse whether opening borders to citizen of third-party countries, by the EU, is compatible with European democracies, based on a Contractualist Ethics. Regarding its method, this has been an exploratory investigation, with a mixed focus, using three instruments: a questionnaire comprising eleven subjects; an interview and the content analysis of a speech given in a plenary session by sixty-six Portuguese and Spanish members of the European Parliament’s 8th legislature, representing the five Parliament Groups. Their discussion was centred around the incapacity of the European institutions to reform the asylum system, thus reinforcing the external borders through Schengen’s, FRONTEX and the externalisation of the migratory management, at the loss of human rights. This stance displayed a new “sovereignty of the Union’s State Members”, the same one which puts constraints over the freedom of movement, that has proven incompatible with democratic values, in accordance with the Contractualist Ethics perspective. But the criticism has also fallen upon the systematic failure to comply with the Treaties by the Member States, putting at stake the Union’s democratic legitimacy and a lack of confidence on the part of European democracies. Although results corroborate that, in practice, the Parliament Groups act in accordance with their political ideology. From the ideal Contractualist perspective, the Parliament Members speeches displayed a high level of agreement with the justice principles established by the Treaties, especially the Human Rights primacy, which has proven a favourable position for the open borders’ argument.
Description
Keywords
Migrações Contratualismo Democracia Livre circulação União Europeia European Union Migration Contractualism Democracy and Freedom of Movement
Citation
Figueiredo, Paula Alexandra Carvalho de - Migrações e os desafios às democracias europeias [Em linha]: uma análise sob a perspetiva da ética contratualista à abertura das fronteiras. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 2020. 466 p.