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- Na linha do advento histórico da língua portuguesa: norma, variação e mudançaPublication . Machado Filho, Américo; Osório, Paulo; Dores, Marcus; Lopes, CéliaFalado em diferentes latitudes geográficas, o português conformou-se, em seu advir histórico, em língua multicultural e multiespacial de expressão, sendo, na atualidade, referenciador de pluralidades e mediador de variadas perspectivas de representação. Sua trajetória, registrada pela escrita há pelo menos oito séculos, demonstra processos de variação e de mudança. Estes se foram construindo, micro e macroscopicamente, no esteio da história, refletindo as naturezas sintrópica e entrópica a que se sujeitam todas as línguas naturais, isto é, à integração pendular existente entre a energia que compõe e movimenta o seu sistema linguístico e o papel das variáveis aleatoriamente ou randomicamente impulsionadas por seu sistema social. Neste artigo, pretende-se realizar uma incursão a aspectos de variação e de mudança, próprios do português, em diferentes níveis de análise linguística, desde sua origem, no período arcaico, até o português brasileiro, contemporâneo, permitindo-se comparações pontuais com outras variedades da língua portuguesa no mundo, assim como com crioulos de base lexical portuguesa. Sob a ótica da linguística histórica, busca servir de macro esboço do processo de constituição da língua, de forma dinâmica e exemplar, no sentido de sua representação no tempo, cronologicamente avaliado, e no espaço, em que se constituiu e em que hoje se manifesta dialetal e diastraticamente.
- Early retinal changes in type 2 diabetes detected by texture-based OCT analysis: potential approach for subclinical diabetic retinopathy diagnosisPublication . Oliveira, Sara; Guimarães, Pedro; Roque-Rosado, Ângelo; Campos, Elisa Julião; Serranho, Pedro; Matafome, Paulo; Bernardes, Rui; Ambrósio, António FranciscoBackground: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is often diagnosed many years after diabetes onset, highlighting the need for early diagnosis. The current study aimed to assess whether texture analysis of computed optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal images can identify (very) early retinal changes. We previously reported retinal texture changes in a type 1 diabetes animal model. This study extends this approach to a type 2 diabetes model exhibiting subtler, more gradually developing retinal alterations to further explore its potential for detecting texture changes when DR-related retinal alterations are minor, strengthening its promising value. Methods: OCT scans and electroretinograms were acquired at baseline and 4, 8, and 12 weeks after initiating the diabetes induction protocol. Automated OCT segmentation, retinal thickness computation, and texture analysis were performed. Blood-retinal barrier permeability, glial reactivity, neuroinflammation, and nitrosative stress were assessed. Results: Retinal texture was affected in the inner plexiform layer and inner/outer photoreceptor segments. At weeks 8 and 12, autocorrelation, cluster prominence, correlation, homogeneity, information measure of correlation II, inverse difference moment normalised, inverse difference normalised, and sum average texture metrics significantly increased/decreased. Importantly, seven of these metrics were also altered in our previous study with type 1 diabetic animals. Type 2 diabetic retinas presented subtle thinning and impaired function, along with a slight reduction in tight junction proteins immunoreactivity, without affecting the blood-retinal barrier. Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate that texture analysis can identify subtle retinal changes during early, clinically silent stages of disease, when biological alterations remain minimal. This highlights its potential utility for the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy, though further clinical validation is needed.
- Transforming assessment mindsets: professional development in early English language education through a blended MOOC and an online community of practicePublication . Teixeira, António; Paz, João; Mourão, Sandie; Spilker, Maria João; Cardoso, Paula; Rocha, Maria Antonieta; van Petegem, Wim; Trepulė, ElenaThe Transforming Assessment Mindsets (TAM) project aims both to research and support teacher training in the real-world context of professional development (PD) in early English language education using a blended Massive Open Online Course (bMOOC). The use of technology in teachers‘ PD is recognised as being effective and meaningful and bMOOCs have the potential to widen participation and disseminate innovation. Additionally, bMOOCs associated with online or virtual communities of practice (vCoPs) have been shown to reduce professional isolation, foster engagement and result in higher rates of course completion. The bMOOC Classroom-based assessment in primary English education has been developed with a learning environment design that follows adult learning theories, combining cognitivist and social learning with socio-constructivism and is directed to Portuguese Primary English Teachers. This paper presents the results of the first iteration cycle analysing the pre-bMOOC survey and post-bMOOC survey replies with a focus on the content and structure of the bMOOC. These show general satisfaction with the course but also point out some dimensions that should be enhanced in further iterations, as the navigation and orientation through the different online spaces of the online environment. One major additional finding is that participants reported using regularly Gen AI-supported tools for fine tuning their writings, finding further information and summarising responses.