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A tutela dos direitos dos deslocados internos por razões ambientais em Cabo Delgado-Moçambique (2019-2021)
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Moçambique tem sido afectado com intensidade e frequência por várias calamidades, dentre elas desastres naturais especialmente na zona centro e norte do País. Em Cabo Delgado, região onde decorreu o ciclone Kenneth, campo de estudo da presente pesquisa, foram evacuadas forçadamente um número aproximado a 700 mil pessoas deslocadas por fenómenos naturais e climáticos (PEGDI-2025-2029). Para além dos deslocamentos, o ciclone destruiu também infraestruturas sociais e económicas nas zonas de origem, pressionando dessa forma os serviços sociais das zonas acolhedoras. É neste contexto que esta pesquisa se propõe a abordar sobre a tutela dos direitos dos deslocados internos por razões ambientais com o objectivo de analisar a prática institucional da salvaguarda dos mesmos. A metodologia empregue nesta pesquisa está associada à abordagem qualitativa, do tipo bibliográfico, documental e do estudo do campo, tendo usado entrevistas semiestrutudas e técnica focus groups. O seu ponto de partida é o período pós-deslocamento por causas ambientais que trouxe mudanças significativas no seio dos afectados em termos de condições básicas de sustentabilidade social. Deste modo, embora esforços empreendidos por parte do estado moçambicano, persistem nos campos de acolhimento desafios estruturais associados a más condições de vida como por exemplo, falta de integração escolar dos deslocados ambientais, exclusão social especialmente de mulheres e inexistência de habitações condignas para conituação de uma vida com um mínimo de dignidade. Deslocamentos ambientais agravam e pressionam as condições de vida dos nativos o que provoca conflitos com os deslocados. Para uma gestão eficaz dos mesmos é imperioso que as deslocações ambientais sejam planeadas e não reactivas. Políticas específicas devem ser proactivas, integradas, holistas, incluindo necessidades dos deslocados bem como criação de condições sociais e económicas nas zonas afectadas ou nas zonas acolhedoras. Regulamentações específicas são importantes, porém sua implementação, observância, aplicabilidade, ética, responsabilidade e transparência na gestão dos centros é crucial para melhoria da qualidade de vida dos deslocados por razões ambientais.
Mozambique has been intensely and frequently affected by various calamities, including natural disasters, especially in the central and northern regions of the country. In Cabo Delgado, the region where Cyclone Kenneth occurred, which is the focus of this research, approximately 700 thousand people were forcibly evacuated due to natural phenomena (PEGDI-2025-2029). In addition to the displacements, the cyclone also destroyed social and economic infrastructures in the areas of origin, thereby putting pressure on social services in the host areas. It is in this context that this research aims to address the guardianship of the rights of internally displaced persons for environmental reasons, with the objective of analyzing the institutional practice of safeguarding these rights. The methodology used in this research is associated with a qualitative approach, including bibliographic, documentary, and field study methods, utilizing semi-structured interviews and focus group techniques. Your starting point is the post-displacement period due to environmental causes, which brought significant changes in the lives of those affected in terms of basic conditions for social sustainability. Thus, although efforts have been made by the Mozambican state, there are still structural challenges in the reception camps associated with poor living conditions, such as the lack of school integration for environmentally displaced people, social exclusion, especially of women, and the absence of adequate housing for maintaining a life with a minimum of dignity. Environmental displacements worsen and put pressure on the living conditions of the natives, which leads to conflicts with the displaced people. The need for access to education, gender inequality, and improvised housing are highlighted as critical issues. For effective management of these challenges, it is essential that environmental displacements be planned in an integrated, holistic manner, taking into account the needs of the displaced as well as the creation of social and economic conditions in the affected areas or in the host regions. Specific regulations are important, however their implementation, observance, applicability of the rights of the displaced, ethics, responsibility, and transparency in the management of the centers is crucial for the quality of life of those displaced for environmental reasons.
Mozambique has been intensely and frequently affected by various calamities, including natural disasters, especially in the central and northern regions of the country. In Cabo Delgado, the region where Cyclone Kenneth occurred, which is the focus of this research, approximately 700 thousand people were forcibly evacuated due to natural phenomena (PEGDI-2025-2029). In addition to the displacements, the cyclone also destroyed social and economic infrastructures in the areas of origin, thereby putting pressure on social services in the host areas. It is in this context that this research aims to address the guardianship of the rights of internally displaced persons for environmental reasons, with the objective of analyzing the institutional practice of safeguarding these rights. The methodology used in this research is associated with a qualitative approach, including bibliographic, documentary, and field study methods, utilizing semi-structured interviews and focus group techniques. Your starting point is the post-displacement period due to environmental causes, which brought significant changes in the lives of those affected in terms of basic conditions for social sustainability. Thus, although efforts have been made by the Mozambican state, there are still structural challenges in the reception camps associated with poor living conditions, such as the lack of school integration for environmentally displaced people, social exclusion, especially of women, and the absence of adequate housing for maintaining a life with a minimum of dignity. Environmental displacements worsen and put pressure on the living conditions of the natives, which leads to conflicts with the displaced people. The need for access to education, gender inequality, and improvised housing are highlighted as critical issues. For effective management of these challenges, it is essential that environmental displacements be planned in an integrated, holistic manner, taking into account the needs of the displaced as well as the creation of social and economic conditions in the affected areas or in the host regions. Specific regulations are important, however their implementation, observance, applicability of the rights of the displaced, ethics, responsibility, and transparency in the management of the centers is crucial for the quality of life of those displaced for environmental reasons.
Descrição
Tese de Doutoramento em Sustentabilidade Social e Desenvolvimento, apresentada à Universidade Aberta
Palavras-chave
Migrações Deslocados internos ambientais Sustentabilidade Direitos dos deslocados Moçambique Migrations Environmental internally displaced persons Sustainability Rights of the displaced