Publication
Determinants of fare evasion in urban bus lines: case study of a large database considering spatial components
| datacite.subject.fos | Ciências Sociais::Economia e Gestão | |
| datacite.subject.sdg | 16:Paz, Justiça e Instituições Eficazes | |
| dc.contributor.author | Freiria, Susana | |
| dc.contributor.author | Sousa, Nuno | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-06-30T05:41:13Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-06-30T05:41:13Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025-06-18 | |
| dc.description.abstract | This article presents a large case study of fare evasion on bus lines in the city of Lisbon, Portugal, a common problem in dense urban areas. Focus is put on geographic factors, and an analysis is carried out using a generalized spatial two-step least-squares regression (GS2SLS). The large database, spanning one year of fare evasion reports, made it possible to segregate the analysis according to type of day (workday or weekend) and time period (rush hours, nighttime, etc.). Results show that indeed the type of day and time period lead to considerable differences between the seven models analyzed. It was found that the number of inspection actions is the strongest predictor of evasion, with geographic factors also playing a role in predicting fare evasion. Consideration of this spatial component made it possible to find moderate evidence for dissuasive effects of inspection actions in some models and of pockets of evasive tendencies in other models, which appear in the statistical error term. Interestingly, and contrary to other studies, age was found to have almost no influence on the propensity to evade fares. From a managerial point of view, this study highlights the importance of running inspection actions systematically and closely monitoring their outcomes. From a more theoretical standpoint, it suggests further research on geographic factors is needed to fully understand spatial patterns of evasion. | eng |
| dc.description.sponsorship | ||
| dc.identifier.citation | Freiria S, Sousa N (2025). Determinants of Fare Evasion in Urban Bus Lines: Case Study of a Large Database Considering Spatial Components. Urban Science, 9(6):231. | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.3390/urbansci9060231 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/19967 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.peerreviewed | yes | |
| dc.publisher | MDPI | |
| dc.relation | Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment | |
| dc.relation | Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra - INESC Coimbra | |
| dc.relation.hasversion | https://www.mdpi.com/2413-8851/9/6/231 | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject | Fare evasion | |
| dc.subject | Public transport | |
| dc.subject | GS2SLS regression | |
| dc.subject | Urban transport governance | |
| dc.title | Determinants of fare evasion in urban bus lines: case study of a large database considering spatial components | eng |
| dc.type | journal article | |
| dspace.entity.type | Publication | |
| oaire.awardTitle | Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment | |
| oaire.awardTitle | Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers at Coimbra - INESC Coimbra | |
| oaire.awardURI | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDP%2F04427%2F2020/PT | |
| oaire.awardURI | info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/FCT/6817 - DCRRNI ID/UIDB%2F00308%2F2020/PT | |
| oaire.citation.endPage | ff. | |
| oaire.citation.issue | 6 | |
| oaire.citation.startPage | 231 | |
| oaire.citation.title | Urban Science | |
| oaire.citation.volume | 9 | |
| oaire.fundingStream | 6817 - DCRRNI ID | |
| oaire.fundingStream | 6817 - DCRRNI ID | |
| oaire.version | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 | |
| person.familyName | Freiria | |
| person.familyName | Sousa | |
| person.givenName | Susana | |
| person.givenName | Nuno | |
| person.identifier.ciencia-id | E914-E920-B2A0 | |
| person.identifier.orcid | 0000-0002-5736-3289 | |
| person.identifier.orcid | 0000-0002-2681-5035 | |
| person.identifier.rid | E-8428-2015 | |
| person.identifier.rid | F-5307-2014 | |
| person.identifier.scopus-author-id | 56152445400 | |
| person.identifier.scopus-author-id | 7003438443 | |
| project.funder.identifier | http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871 | |
| project.funder.identifier | http://doi.org/10.13039/501100001871 | |
| project.funder.name | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
| project.funder.name | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | |
| relation.isAuthorOfPublication | e86e57ff-9916-4e99-b220-66060897538b | |
| relation.isAuthorOfPublication | 0d49a6e8-e597-4edf-a203-a426d69abd77 | |
| relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery | e86e57ff-9916-4e99-b220-66060897538b | |
| relation.isProjectOfPublication | aeeeea46-9621-4ccb-b1fb-37045d3be549 | |
| relation.isProjectOfPublication | 95b97c6f-07fe-4a35-ae5b-3d80b1973818 | |
| relation.isProjectOfPublication.latestForDiscovery | aeeeea46-9621-4ccb-b1fb-37045d3be549 |