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A exploração de carvão mineral a céu aberto no distrito de Moatize, província de Tete, Moçambique, no período de 2005 a 2019: implicações e perceção da comunidade
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Abstract(s)
Moçambique é um dos países mais ricos em recursos naturais a nível mundial. A província
de Tete, actualmente considerada como a maior província carbonífera não explorada do
mundo, possui no distrito de Moatize, um dos maiores jazigos de carvão, com reservas
estimadas em mais de 2,5 biliões de toneladas. A exploração de carvão contribui para o
crescimento económico (PIB) e para o melhoramento do índice de Desenvolvimento
Humano (IDH), mas apesar do carvão ser um recurso energético importante, a sua produção
e utilização contribui consideravelmente para a degradação do meio ambiente. Nesta
vertente, foram analisadas as implicações e a perceção das comunidades locais dos riscos
ambientais em virtude da exploração de carvão mineral a céu aberto. A área total
concessionada pela mineração foi de 28.450 ha da qual 23.780 ha pertence à Vale
Moçambique com um contrato de 35 anos (2005-2040), 4.560 ha pertence à ICVL (2009-
2033) com a duração de 25 anos e por fim, à Minas Moatize Lda. (Beacon Hill) com 110 ha
(2010-2037), também com contrato de 25 anos. Todos os contratos são renováveis. Para tal,
foi mapeada a área mineira através de imagens satélite (Landsat-sensor OLI (Landsat 8) e
LT5) e notou-se que até 2011 a área afectada era 1.124,40 ha das quais, 838,70 ha da Vale
Moçambique, 12,80 ha Minas Moatize Lda e 272,90 ha ICVL. Até 2019 a área total afectada
foi de 3.760,48 ha. A projeção da área afectada de 2019, 2027, 2035, 2043 até 2051 será
11.772,48 ha o que causará maior impacto negativo ao meio ambiente. A água dos poços
que uma parte da população está a usar, os seus parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos
estão acima do recomendado pela MISAU e OMS. Notou-se também existência de alguns
parâmetros do solo acima do padrão recomendado para a prática de agricultura e, por fim, a
poluição atmosférica também apresentou um aumento da concentração de Material
Particulado Fino (PM2.5μg/m3), principalmente em zonas de mineração. Portanto, com estes
parâmetros, regista-se a poluição do meio e pode-se dizer que o meio ambiente está poluído.
Em contrapartida, existem populações que ainda não foram reassentadas e que estão a viver
junto às minas de carvão. Os conflitos registam-se devido à inobservância das promessas
feitas pelas mineradoras e também ao tipo de vida dos que foram reassentados. A população
tem algum conhecimento acerca do risco, mas diz não ter saída para o problema.
Mozambique is one of the world's richest countries in natural resources. The Tete Province, currently considered to be the largest unexploited coal Province in the world, has in the district of Moatize, one of the largest coal deposits with estimated reserves of over 2.5 billion tons. Coal mining contributes to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the improvement of the Human Development Index (HDI). Nevertheless, although coal is an important energy resource, its production and use contribute considerably to environmental degradation. Based on the implications and local communities' perception of environmental risks, the open-pit coal mining was analysed. The total area under concession for mining was 28,450 ha of which 23,780 ha belongs to Vale Moçambique with a 35-year contract (2005-2040), 4,560 ha belongs to ICVL (2009-2033) with a duration of 25 years and finally, to Minas Moatize Lda (Beacon Hill) with 110 ha (2010-2037), also with a 25-year contract. All contracts are renewable. For this, the mining area was mapped using satellite images (Landsat-sensor OLI (Landsat 8) and LT5) and it was noted that by 2011 the affected area was 1,124.40 ha of which, 838.70 ha of Vale Moçambique, 12,80 ha Minas Moatize Lda and 272.90 ha ICVL, by 2019 the total affected area was 3,760.48 ha. The projection of the affected area by 2051 is estimated in 11,772.48 ha which is expected to cause more negative impact on the environment. The water from the wells used by a majority of the population, its physical, chemical and biological parameters are above the recommended by the Mozambican Ministry of Health and WHO. It was also noticed the existence of some soil parameters above the standard recommended for the practice of agriculture and finally, the air pollution also showed an increase in the concentration of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5μg/m3 ) mainly in mining areas. Therefore, with these parameters, the pollution of the environment is registered, therefore, it can be said that the environment is polluted. On the other hand, some populations have not yet been resettled and are living near the coal mines. There are conflicts due to the failure of the mining companies to keep their promises and also due to the type of life of those who have been resettled. The population has some knowledge about the risk but say they have no way out of the problem.
Mozambique is one of the world's richest countries in natural resources. The Tete Province, currently considered to be the largest unexploited coal Province in the world, has in the district of Moatize, one of the largest coal deposits with estimated reserves of over 2.5 billion tons. Coal mining contributes to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the improvement of the Human Development Index (HDI). Nevertheless, although coal is an important energy resource, its production and use contribute considerably to environmental degradation. Based on the implications and local communities' perception of environmental risks, the open-pit coal mining was analysed. The total area under concession for mining was 28,450 ha of which 23,780 ha belongs to Vale Moçambique with a 35-year contract (2005-2040), 4,560 ha belongs to ICVL (2009-2033) with a duration of 25 years and finally, to Minas Moatize Lda (Beacon Hill) with 110 ha (2010-2037), also with a 25-year contract. All contracts are renewable. For this, the mining area was mapped using satellite images (Landsat-sensor OLI (Landsat 8) and LT5) and it was noted that by 2011 the affected area was 1,124.40 ha of which, 838.70 ha of Vale Moçambique, 12,80 ha Minas Moatize Lda and 272.90 ha ICVL, by 2019 the total affected area was 3,760.48 ha. The projection of the affected area by 2051 is estimated in 11,772.48 ha which is expected to cause more negative impact on the environment. The water from the wells used by a majority of the population, its physical, chemical and biological parameters are above the recommended by the Mozambican Ministry of Health and WHO. It was also noticed the existence of some soil parameters above the standard recommended for the practice of agriculture and finally, the air pollution also showed an increase in the concentration of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5μg/m3 ) mainly in mining areas. Therefore, with these parameters, the pollution of the environment is registered, therefore, it can be said that the environment is polluted. On the other hand, some populations have not yet been resettled and are living near the coal mines. There are conflicts due to the failure of the mining companies to keep their promises and also due to the type of life of those who have been resettled. The population has some knowledge about the risk but say they have no way out of the problem.
Description
Keywords
Mineração de carvão Impacto socioambiental Reassentamento Legislação mineira e ambiental 2005-2009 Moçambique Coal mining Socio-environmental impact Resettlement Mining and environmental legislation
Citation
Bofana, Luís Francisco - A exploração de carvão mineral a céu aberto no distrito de Moatize, província de Tete, Moçambique, no período de 2005 a 2019 [Em linha]: implicações e perceção da comunidade. Lisboa: [s.n.], 2022. 235 p.