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- Hagedorn transition and chronology protection in string theoryPublication . Costa, Miguel S.; Herdeiro, Carlos A.R.; Penedones, J.; Sousa, NunoWe conjecture chronology is protected in string theory due to the condensation of light winding strings near closed null curves. This condensation triggers a Hagedorn phase transition, whose end-point target space geometry should be chronological. Contrary to conventional arguments, chronology is protected by an infrared effect. We support this conjecture by studying strings in the O-plane orbifold, where we show that some winding string states are unstable and condense in the non-causal region of spacetime. The oneloop string partition function has infrared divergences associated to the condensation of these states.